https://niharikanshekhawat.com Niharika N Shekhawat Mon, 27 Jul 2020 05:45:35 +0000 https://niharikanshekhawat.com en https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Home Sun, 19 Jul 2020 16:31:26 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Home Niharika is an Urban Designer based in New York City. She shares a passion for design thinking, engagement-driven methodologies, and creating urban environments that are safe, egalitarian, and resilient. She has worked on projects that range from neighborhood planning to trans-scalar urban design interventions; from in-situ spatial developments to mobilizing public engagements that foster powerful agency through design collaborations. She strongly believes in integrating resiliency and activism with design and research, realized by local materials, community welfare, and sustainable processes to create healthy, equitable, and resilient cities. Here is a collection of her selected projects.&nbsp; https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Unearthing-Neve-Sha-anan Tue, 21 Jul 2020 03:47:41 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Unearthing-Neve-Sha-anan <img width="1875" height="1050" width_o="1875" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/50af6a373f9bcbac5026d941c47059746c9b2d9362d8a8a0b4a16afa82cb2eaf/3.jpg" data-mid="77906668" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/50af6a373f9bcbac5026d941c47059746c9b2d9362d8a8a0b4a16afa82cb2eaf/3.jpg" />Unearthing Neve Sha’anan Spring 2020 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Urban Design Studio LocationTel Aviv-Yafo, Israel City Scale CriticsKate Orff; Lee Altman, Adriana Chavez, Dilip da Cunha, Fitsum Gelaye, Geeta Mehta, Thad Pawlowski, Julia Watson Team Niharika Shekhawat, Antonia Medina Abell, Candelaria Mas Pohmavich, Shailee Shah Unearthing Neve Sha’anan is about its marginalized community and buried natural assets. The goal is to celebrate the transitional character of Neve Sha’anan. Building on the efforts of its community, we will develop a path to residency and civic participation through a Neve Sha’anan Action Lab. Neve Sha’anan is located between the ancient city of Jaffa and the wealthier north Tel Aviv. The neighborhood has a unique character of transition, emphasized by the location of the Central Bus Station. It is home to migrant workers and asylum seekers from Eritrea and Sudan, who reside in a liminal state. Their “in-betweenness” is deemed as negative by the city that is unable to meet their needs. Therefore, our project aims to empower the neighborhood by daylighting its marginalized community and its buried assets. <img width="1500" height="825" width_o="1500" height_o="825" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5217835ae629381e0713094df4dab39a1150df002059688a7d5f4364e76fe29d/map.jpg" data-mid="77904310" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5217835ae629381e0713094df4dab39a1150df002059688a7d5f4364e76fe29d/map.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4ca8942022a97b597fc371c6ea6062e1bd145b17637a75642214aebaefa9b3ff/ns.jpg" data-mid="77904611" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4ca8942022a97b597fc371c6ea6062e1bd145b17637a75642214aebaefa9b3ff/ns.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/515d2563a1a61c7f5cbcd250750258d14e258aae0a04c2fb43ea670ed9cf2bf8/ns2.jpg" data-mid="77904612" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/515d2563a1a61c7f5cbcd250750258d14e258aae0a04c2fb43ea670ed9cf2bf8/ns2.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7019f49c6c6bccfb07322f08ea8be52b52cb6bc45c68d229826d82f8d6445233/ns3.jpg" data-mid="77904613" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7019f49c6c6bccfb07322f08ea8be52b52cb6bc45c68d229826d82f8d6445233/ns3.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3519a37b14e4e2934d2fc1611189cbf3bd88c35ca05127bc4539839de95b66a/ns4.jpg" data-mid="77904614" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b3519a37b14e4e2934d2fc1611189cbf3bd88c35ca05127bc4539839de95b66a/ns4.jpg" /> Unearthing the buried natural assets of Neve Sha’anan; from the LaRampa on the top, to residential spaces, the community library and the Ayalon highway and river. The migrant workers, asylum seekers and the Ayalon are perceived as the two migrants of Tel Aviv-Yafo. Both people and water are contained between bureaucratic boundaries of legality and channeling. They are siloed behind the facades of Neve Sha’anan and the walls of the Ayalon Highway. In 2012, there was an immigration surge which resulted in 40,000 refugees residing in Neve Sha’anan. Tel Aviv experiences extreme fluctuations of drought and flood conditions throughout the year. We will work with water and people to empower them through collaborative urban design. <img width="1125" height="625" width_o="1125" height_o="625" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e38dde1cd1f77e20e420b348fecd472254037b52c30f371d11b1f974ab92f254/people-water.jpg" data-mid="77904920" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e38dde1cd1f77e20e420b348fecd472254037b52c30f371d11b1f974ab92f254/people-water.jpg" /> Both people and water are contained between bureaucratic boundaries of legality and channeling. They are siloed behind the facades of Neve Sha’anan and the walls of the Ayalon Highway Neve Sha’anan is a vibrant, diverse and culturally-rich migrant neighborhood. During our visit, we witnessed a strong close-knit community and interviewed residents of Neve Sha’anan. They highlighted the history of family owned businesses and the recent pedestrianization of HaAliyah Street that changed the character of the area. It is crucial to preserve the identity of the neighborhood,empowering both existing and new residents through civic participation. The existing social fabric of Neve Sha’anan consists of approx. 40,000 migrant workers and asylum seekers. Due to their lack of legal status, the community is unable to celebrate their presence in the neighborhood and reside in vulnerable conditions. We interviewed Gina Walker from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and she stated: “They don’t have legal status. They have to live in survival mode.” Together with the support of local organizations, they have strengthened their own grassroots network of solidarity, providing services to the rest of the city through jobs in healthcare, hospitality and restaurant businesses. <img width="1000" height="500" width_o="1000" height_o="500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0346c98a8560df4f33ad0f3ab0bca58cb39ce1f354eba809e38ecdb1a6fc30a5/people.jpg" data-mid="77905088" border="0" data-scale="73" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0346c98a8560df4f33ad0f3ab0bca58cb39ce1f354eba809e38ecdb1a6fc30a5/people.jpg" /> New development projects for the Ayalon and Neve Sha’anan focus on market driven building renovations and the construction of a 2 billion dollar park over the highway, displacing the people, burying the river and draining it into a pipeline. We oppose this development because it is destructive to the fabric and livelihood of Neve Sha’anan’s immigrant and refugee community as well as the neighborhood’s older residents, while undermining the ecology of the city. Instead, we propose a Neve Sha’anan Action Lab that will mediate between the Municipality and the neighborhood for future development, to empower its community and celebrate ecology. <img width="2400" height="1350" width_o="2400" height_o="1350" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/57f67f291f77057c070de7811e03db470566f40a30dd7d7857f49db61d9b3ece/1589159360064.jpeg" data-mid="78680007" border="0" data-scale="94" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/57f67f291f77057c070de7811e03db470566f40a30dd7d7857f49db61d9b3ece/1589159360064.jpeg" /> Neve Sha’anan Action Lab is an incremental initiative that builds on the existing efforts of the community. It connects residents and municipal stakeholders to create empowering public spaces. This public-private partnership supports the migrant workers and asylum seekers of Neve Sha’anan to actively participate as stewards in their neighborhood, gaining social credits and serving as an operational and maintenance workforce for the entire Tel-Aviv Yafo. As a result, they will receive a resident identification card in Tel Aviv-Yafo . <img width="1375" height="1000" width_o="1375" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c36e85672366ff1cf6c1ce4b8a04cb81d91a5f0fa7aae4fe31455622583ece19/why.jpg" data-mid="77905986" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c36e85672366ff1cf6c1ce4b8a04cb81d91a5f0fa7aae4fe31455622583ece19/why.jpg" /> Neve Sha’anan Action Lab is an incremental initiative that builds on the existing efforts of the community. It connects residents and municipal stakeholders to create empowering public spaces. By participating in this Lab, the migrant community members receive a Resident ID Card <img width="1375" height="700" width_o="1375" height_o="700" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c48b97c8b9e8f828136cb91834dcd744e661597e9071f163375959a49658eb06/agent-of-change.jpg" data-mid="77906144" border="0" data-scale="62" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c48b97c8b9e8f828136cb91834dcd744e661597e9071f163375959a49658eb06/agent-of-change.jpg" /> The transitional character of Neve Sha’anan is reflected in the concept of incremental building of the neighborhood. Inspired by Israeli shutters, we propose modular structures that will provide shade, program and shelter to the community. Neve Sha’anan Action Lab initiative will build incrementally, community-driven projects at three scales utilizing the pod toolkit. It will include interventions in between spaces, vacant/parking lots and a shelter in Levinsky Park that will empower the residents through social and economic integration.Neve Sha’anan Action Lab. Here you can see some of the projects that we mentioned before happening around Levinsky Park, the heart of the neighborhood. The community will partner with local NGOs, which will be funded by the municipality and privates to develop a toolkit to rebuild the neighborhood, as shown in our diagram. A cooling hub and a marketplace as you can see in the axon are key spaces for this initiative. Levinsky Park is further celebrated by expanding its programs with a community shelter. The Action Lab will leverage social capital as an incentive for civic participation striving to bring positive change to the migrants quality of life. <img width="1875" height="1050" width_o="1875" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/37aa32f7d1dc50a8e6788dd5b3694dd6138da20f53cac57460078a416459bbbb/1.jpg" data-mid="77906366" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/37aa32f7d1dc50a8e6788dd5b3694dd6138da20f53cac57460078a416459bbbb/1.jpg" /> A series of community-driven projects carried out in Neve Sha’anan through the funding supported by the municipality (through Mesila) and grassroots organizations such as ONYA. Neve Sha’anan could be empowered by the people and for the people. The Action lab leverages social capital as an incentive to promote civic participation striving to bring positive change in the quality of life of the migrants. 3 incremental projects propose to collaboratively daylight this neighborhood. Spaces in between buildings will serve as a platform for social interactions and celebrations in the community. Parking lots will be transformed to support programs that spur the local economy with a Neve Sha’anan Marketplace. Finally, Levinsky Park will be adapted to welcome community members in transition in a Shelter, where people will find a public kitchen, mental counseling services, and an ecological stewardship program to achieve resident status. <img width="1875" height="1500" width_o="1875" height_o="1500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/039d06aa29256465b2a2b734fd9cdf1823c24f6d02a150515b66eca85dbb85f9/2.jpg" data-mid="77906520" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/039d06aa29256465b2a2b734fd9cdf1823c24f6d02a150515b66eca85dbb85f9/2.jpg" /> Looking closely at Neve Sha’anan, Daylighting people like Adissa, a woman from Neve Sha’anan highlighted in white will actively collaborate with the Action Lab in the in-between spaces to develop an intervention using the pod toolkit. While she participates in the neighborhood rebuilding, her baby will be cared for at the community daycare. The in-between space will be used by residents for social interactions and celebrations. The modular pods are shaded structures for summer and will work as an extension of commerce and knitting workshops. Vertical wall gardens and soil patches will be used to grow herbs nurtured by the community. Through this proposal, the activities behind the facade will be showcased into the daily street life of Neve Sha’anan. <img width="3375" height="775" width_o="3375" height_o="775" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/74f88e54d2bfd8d1ce33a1162c3171fe98e68bd2960cf496283e4fc91900ce7a/vision2.jpg" data-mid="77903270" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/74f88e54d2bfd8d1ce33a1162c3171fe98e68bd2960cf496283e4fc91900ce7a/vision2.jpg" />In-between space intervention on Yesud-ha Ma’ala St. It includes community built pods and seating areas for neighborhood gatherings, small business expansions and gardens. Through this proposal, the activities behind the facade will have an opportunity to be showcased into the daily street life of Neve Sha’anan. For daylighting the neighborhood, parking lots will be transformed into shaded spaces for the community allocating programs to spur local economies, such as markets and food stalls. In the Neve Sha’anan Marketplace, Adissa can spend her social credits to buy her daily groceries. This empowering public space will provide free internet access, allowing the migrant workers to increase connectivity within the neighborhood as well as connecting residents to city-wide development opportunities. Through this market intervention, the migrant workers and asylum seekers will be able to capitalize on their skill and market local “Made in Neve Sha’anan” products, promising a path to recognition and stability. <img width="1875" height="1050" width_o="1875" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/af41f8ead508ed1828a906c3a926395d750cd0895c4bc43f3cd16bf3ecdbf461/4.jpg" data-mid="77906669" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/af41f8ead508ed1828a906c3a926395d750cd0895c4bc43f3cd16bf3ecdbf461/4.jpg" /> Neve Sha’anan market intervention on HaGdud Hairvi St. Through this marketplace, the migrant workers and asylum seekers will be able to capitalize on their skill and market local “Made in Neve Sha’anan” products, in turn, promising a path to recognition and stability. Daylighting Ecology by utilizing community effort, we propose to build a transitional shelter in Levinsky Park. At the shelter, Adissa will join a soil rebuilding workshop, earning social credits and starting her path towards ecological stewardship. The shelter park holds a soft landscape for harvesting water. <img width="1875" height="1050" width_o="1875" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2c729d67b136c5df6be686814ab43afb12dd85eed4b6789a3d0c9767ef7d65d0/5.jpg" data-mid="77906670" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2c729d67b136c5df6be686814ab43afb12dd85eed4b6789a3d0c9767ef7d65d0/5.jpg" /> A transitional shelter is built by the community in Levinsky Park. The shelter park holds soft landscape for harvesting water. The community will build the shelter structure providing shade and fair jobs to the migrant workers. It includes facilities such as public kitchens, restrooms, spaces for mental health counseling, job training and an identification center. The built structure will provide shade and includes facilities such as public kitchens, restrooms, spaces for mental health counseling, job training and an identification center. The job training center includes the provision of temporary jobs for building structures in the neighborhood. Climate stewards like Addisa, will recover the Ayalon Floodplain into a larger winter rainfall integration system for the whole city. <img width="1875" height="1050" width_o="1875" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7fd870bcfafe1455a7e2253028adda5aeb75087a87dee7556b44768c89484c1a/6.jpg" data-mid="77906671" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7fd870bcfafe1455a7e2253028adda5aeb75087a87dee7556b44768c89484c1a/6.jpg" /> The public-private partnership will enable Neve Sha’anan Action Lab to train migrant workers and asylum seekers, becoming the neighborhood’s agents of change. The Action Lab will foster the community;s social capital and incentivize stewardship while improving quality of life of the residents of Neve Sha’anan. It empowers migrants to climb the ladder of permanence while celebrating their identity. Empowering South Tel-Aviv Yafo through collaborative design. We propose a paradigm shift. Through Neve Sha’anan Action Lab, migrant workers and asylum seekers will be integrated in the city fabric by providing their services to the whole community. The collaborative spirit of this proposal will empower locals and newcomers alike in an innovative grassroots- public/private partnership. The climate stewards will transform Levinsky Street into an urban ecological corridor through Soil Rebuilding, Tree planting and ultimately, by recovering the Ayalon River. The migrant workers will acquire their residency in Tel Aviv. Through a strong workforce, the migrants, asylum seekers and locals will unbuild the Ayalon Highway and recover the river edge. The space will be transformed into an expanded floodplain for the winter, while the rest of the year will serve as a public water sensitive infrastructure for Tel Aviv Yafo. Through the Action Lab, the Neve Sha’anan community will render Tel Aviv-Yafo into a resilient and equitable city. <img width="1875" height="1225" width_o="1875" height_o="1225" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/db6b33ab800f2f209b1f2ffa22b740cb08abda66b2a45e868ce896802479ee37/7.jpg" data-mid="77906672" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/db6b33ab800f2f209b1f2ffa22b740cb08abda66b2a45e868ce896802479ee37/7.jpg" /> The interventions of the Action Lab extend to the city, reaching the Ayalon floodplain and connecting the new pedestrian streets with Rothschild Boulevard. Through a strong workforce the migrants and asylum seekers will unbuild the Ayalon Highway and recover the river edger. The space will be transformed into an expanded floodplain during the winter, while the rest of the year will serve as a public water sensitive infrastructure for Tel Aviv Yafo.&nbsp; ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Dispersing-Wellness Sun, 19 Jul 2020 21:16:33 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Dispersing-Wellness <img width="3600" height="2400" width_o="3600" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6c664fa45c07a97ab2d65825759ef4b7450214fcc4824c75a50df0ce9cfcbe9e/03_CommunityPavillion.jpg" data-mid="77799198" border="0" data-scale="91" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6c664fa45c07a97ab2d65825759ef4b7450214fcc4824c75a50df0ce9cfcbe9e/03_CommunityPavillion.jpg" />Dispersing Wellness Fall 2019 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Urban Design Studio LocationHudson Valley Regional Scale CriticsKaja Kuhl; Anna Dietzsch, Justin G. Moore, Jerome Haferd, Liz McEnaney, Shachi Pandey, Raafi Rivero, David Smiley, Dragana Zoric Team Niharika Shekhawat, Mansoo Han, Ting Zhang, Shailee Shah The goal of the project is to substantially lower the carbon footprint and reduce health disparities within the urban/rural context by dispersing wellness through social infrastructure in the Hudson Valley. Within the healthcare industry, 84% of CO2 comes from health system supplies and services and 16% from the building facilities itself. The idea is to change the perspective of health services. Hospital acts as a promoter of community well being in urban area and disperses wellness through additive typologies of social infrastructure in rural areas. The project challenges and changes the perspective of the current healthcare system from being a measure of cure to an extension of health and wellbeing of the community. The goal of the project is to substantially lower the carbon footprint and reduce health disparities within the urban/rural context by dispersing wellness through social infrastructure in the Hudson Valley. The healthcare industry accounts for 10% of the total greenhouse gases generated. We have two major issues that are often ignored of the healthcare system - High carbon footprint and lack of accessibility(physical and monetary) that in turn makes people sicker and more dependent on health facilities in the long run. The healthcare facilities provide health services but are high polluters of the environment, in turn making people sicker and more dependent on health facilities in the long run. Another cycle is the lack of physical and monetary access to healthcare that makes people conditioned to living with the discomfort of disease which further enhances the gap as it propels them to get treated only in “when needed” scenario with high expenditure.The GND aims to focus on “Providing all people of the United States with high quality health care” However, the measures do not solve for the high carbon footprint of healthcare and the accessibility factor.Of the total greenhouse gases generated in the USA, 84% of emissions in the industry are derived from manufactured products used in healthcare delivery as well as the energy and transportation required to acquire them while the other 16% of the gas emissions derive from the building systems of health facilities. Therefore, we understand that a large percent of emissions can be reduced through patient preventative healthcare and supporting measures that would make people healthier. Winner of Radical Urban Intervention 2020 ArcDeck.net (Student Category) <img width="1392" height="985" width_o="1392" height_o="985" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/73fea177f4e8d3ac3d59b0c33c8102b3a4f7d3ab0857aea5d8f7003fc7090509/competition2.png" data-mid="151687189" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/73fea177f4e8d3ac3d59b0c33c8102b3a4f7d3ab0857aea5d8f7003fc7090509/competition2.png" /> <img width="1916" height="686" width_o="1916" height_o="686" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a89e6ac38417a00bfff7c52fb9a09fee43ed627818fd1fa49224be8e54746a84/competition.png" data-mid="151687193" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a89e6ac38417a00bfff7c52fb9a09fee43ed627818fd1fa49224be8e54746a84/competition.png" /> <img width="1050" height="1650" width_o="1050" height_o="1650" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e6a65ba5ad5d77ef32691132419223c67beee8f5d9723432c9552b46aab191c5/map.jpg" data-mid="77795878" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e6a65ba5ad5d77ef32691132419223c67beee8f5d9723432c9552b46aab191c5/map.jpg" /> Map of the Hudson Valley showing concentration of hospitals in Urban Areas.&nbsp; In the Hudson Valley, we see that the concentration of hospitals in urban areas is much higher whereas the rural areas lack services to healthcare. Therefore, there is a huge health care disparity in terms of accessibility between the urban and rural areas. The base maps represents median household income, we see that the areas that have higher income have more access to health facilities whereas low income, which are more rural areas lack health facilities completely. The geography of the region drives people’s health seeking behavior in Hudson Valley, residents especially from the rural areas are the most disadvantaged and travel upto 1.5 hours one way for basic health needs. At the same time, within the Hudson valley, hospitals show at least upto 30% percent vacancy of beds in each county, areas that can be more efficiently repurposed. <img width="2100" height="1650" width_o="2100" height_o="1650" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0442dc2e06813d320f6827cd4a12c512c4d32faa302fe6895998483eaf5afc8d/vision.jpg" data-mid="77797802" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0442dc2e06813d320f6827cd4a12c512c4d32faa302fe6895998483eaf5afc8d/vision.jpg" />Visual collage of extension of health services in the rural area. Focusing on moving healthcare from a curative measure to a preventive system. In the Hudson Valley, the project focused on the twin counties - Columbia and Greene County. These counties have the lowest access to healthcare facilities but also the lowest physician to patient ratio and higher travel distances for health needs. As we have identified that 84% of the carbon emissions can be reduced through patient preventative healthcare, we look into the health profiles of these counties. In Columbia and Greene county, we see that there is an increase in the aging population and is projected to rise by 2040. <img width="1650" height="750" width_o="1650" height_o="750" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4cf196722e0d2e1d6cf2091e00e7c766fc11fcd81f1d4c70c33e2f5f37631bfa/cycle.jpg" data-mid="77794098" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4cf196722e0d2e1d6cf2091e00e7c766fc11fcd81f1d4c70c33e2f5f37631bfa/cycle.jpg" /> Left: Vicious cycle of Healthcare facilities are high polluters of the environment, in turn making people sicker and more dependent on health facilities. Right: Another cycle is the lack of physical and monetary access that makes people conditioned to living with the discomfort of disease According to the health assessment done, there are two main health issues in the county - First, high number of chronic diseases such as obesity. We also see that the community in these regions consume less fresh vegetables, engage less in physical activities and has limited access to fresh food supermarkets. Second, high number of substance use in the middle aged population that also results in mental health issues and social isolation within the aging population in the rural areas. To respond to the issues of the healthcare system, we propose two strategies that would substantially lower the carbon footprint and reduce health disparities in the Hudson Valley. The first strategy is to extend health services in the rural area by adding health services to public institutions such as fire stations and public libraries. In the twin counties, Columbia Memorial Hospital serves as a sole healthcare provider. As we can see, libraries and fire stations are fairly dispersed in the region. As major health issues in the region are chronic and can be treated through preventative measures, through this strategy we can reduce the carbon impact but also provide health services as closer proximity. The second strategy is the mobile network that would make health services more accessible - scheduled health professional servicing rural areas but also distribution of medications, fresh food and wellness services. As the Columbia Memorial Hospital is a major stakeholder in this process of transition, the idea is to change the perspective of health services. It acts as a promoter of community well being in Hudson and disperses wellness through an additive typology that empowers the role of social infrastructure to spread a wellness network in rural areas. <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0c05e6872564312b1d114335cccf8b3e04c8a5b38622b78f0322ecf7db6c2791/hudson.jpg" data-mid="77793008" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0c05e6872564312b1d114335cccf8b3e04c8a5b38622b78f0322ecf7db6c2791/hudson.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ab12fb21108337fe43de67eadca9ebe7f0570a211dfdb3ad5b6de4feb3950f9d/hudson2.jpg" data-mid="77793009" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ab12fb21108337fe43de67eadca9ebe7f0570a211dfdb3ad5b6de4feb3950f9d/hudson2.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ab5b6918a78c95bba2a0c72c733591a94707895b8ea5dda41789909fba4ead09/hudson3.jpg" data-mid="77793010" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ab5b6918a78c95bba2a0c72c733591a94707895b8ea5dda41789909fba4ead09/hudson3.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/09ac2326086161a51fcc3c02bc594423036067e3b592aeec4f072dd72b4bce44/hudson4.jpg" data-mid="77793011" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/09ac2326086161a51fcc3c02bc594423036067e3b592aeec4f072dd72b4bce44/hudson4.jpg" /> Hudson of Columbia County in Hudson Valley showing the hospital, weekend food market and the county library. <img width="1850" height="1000" width_o="1850" height_o="1000" data-src="//freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d43dd52e4a10ac89ed590af926f626031427242200a7d3a93b4b644dff9cd57e/hudsom-3d.jpg" data-mid="77796580" border="0" style="width: 757.875px; height: 409.662px; display: none;"><img width="1850" height="1000" width_o="1850" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/047fe8b14535219f51c980b02d1eaf7043580db7258ba419d383aea8c43db8aa/hudsom-3d.jpg" data-mid="77797795" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/047fe8b14535219f51c980b02d1eaf7043580db7258ba419d383aea8c43db8aa/hudsom-3d.jpg" /> Hudson, Columbia County and its public institutions showing the hospital,school, social housing, library and open vegetable market. <img width="950" height="1000" width_o="950" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/127f850f7a5a5b216f511410fa9e05846df89f6bb2809100de7e0175d32330ee/people.jpg" data-mid="77905686" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/950/i/127f850f7a5a5b216f511410fa9e05846df89f6bb2809100de7e0175d32330ee/people.jpg" /> Community engagement exercise conducted to understand the perception if health by members of Hudson and Prattsville community. We wanted to understand what the people need and are willing to do for being healthy. In the Urban areas around CMH in Hudson, Columbia County, we focus on the retrofit of the hospital. We reimagine the hospital as not a place for cure of disease but also as a center of dispersing wellness. Therefore, we propose ‘Hospital as a Park’ strategy considering that in the site analysis we find that there are not many places that promote wellness in the area. We intend to make the space inviting not just for the people that are sick but also reimagine the space as a form of public space. The overall strategy is to repurpose not fully utilized building by cluster hospitals operational programs into the main functions building and reprogramming other two buildings - Research center to a daycare center, family care and Office building to a wellness pavilion where we have programs such a classroom and training space for librarians and firefighters, telemedicine helpline center, community based programs such as communal kitchen and conference room with a playground. <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/91c22c170534db8644e053eceb332676fc8aec539ee40577b2ddb27b6b895eb2/plann-hudson.jpg" data-mid="77797806" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/91c22c170534db8644e053eceb332676fc8aec539ee40577b2ddb27b6b895eb2/plann-hudson.jpg" /> View of ‘Hospital as Park’ strategy considering that there are not many places that promote wellness in the area. We intended to make the space inviting not just for the people that are sick but also reimagine the space as a form of public space. <img width="3600" height="2400" width_o="3600" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28ed79b3f28186e9815236fcc8ab74f0bf1c798c4e4f96a6c634013a0e7ad85a/01_Playground.jpg" data-mid="77799196" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/28ed79b3f28186e9815236fcc8ab74f0bf1c798c4e4f96a6c634013a0e7ad85a/01_Playground.jpg" /> <img width="3600" height="2400" width_o="3600" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea7f2d174928da3036959fe5f2a0ef0dbac0de63e689a567b8aaa316072adbea/02_PocketWindow.jpg" data-mid="77799197" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ea7f2d174928da3036959fe5f2a0ef0dbac0de63e689a567b8aaa316072adbea/02_PocketWindow.jpg" /> <img width="3600" height="2400" width_o="3600" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/050f34d6b1f4505921af13da14a86cb996a11f3b0dd2fc6fcbc8b48a2ac7c89a/04_RoofGarden.jpg" data-mid="77799199" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/050f34d6b1f4505921af13da14a86cb996a11f3b0dd2fc6fcbc8b48a2ac7c89a/04_RoofGarden.jpg" /> Top: View of the Columbia Memorial Hospital from the walk/run track in the park around the hospital. Bottom Left:&nbsp;We can reduce 12% of the carbon emissions by retrofitting the facade of the hospital - a double skin facade to for energy efficiency in terms of heating and cooling. Bottom Right:&nbsp;The hospital building’s roof has been converted to have farm gardens and solar panels that reduce carbon emissions of the facility by 50%. The parking lots on site are converted to green spaces. The park will also have an ongoing health fair where the mobile health vans will be stationed. Residents can get their routine health check up while at the park during scheduled times of the day. To tackle the energy systems that can reduce 12% of the carbon emissions. We proposed to retrofit the facade of the hospital - a double skin facade to make it more energy efficient in terms of heating and cooling. The double skin facade is connected through a series of ramps that form a connection between the buildings. All the buildings have been converted to have farm gardens and solar panels on the roof that help achieve upto 50% of the carbon emissions reduction in the energy systems of the facility. <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2a3facac25b812431235e8df370f3615c51aeec353cee8373ec58a40c49ea0fb/pratts.jpg" data-mid="77795574" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2a3facac25b812431235e8df370f3615c51aeec353cee8373ec58a40c49ea0fb/pratts.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/11dbcf512ee3577d47dc21eebcf33c88d435d2ad055c601b588e90bf422daf30/pratts2.jpg" data-mid="77795575" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/11dbcf512ee3577d47dc21eebcf33c88d435d2ad055c601b588e90bf422daf30/pratts2.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a91a74fe265f6123415cb73c21d1f741ff25add257e3e1f648af9e22d73d861c/pratts3.jpg" data-mid="77795576" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a91a74fe265f6123415cb73c21d1f741ff25add257e3e1f648af9e22d73d861c/pratts3.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/298388fd9cb0e8bbad48ce20cdb38d2e4fdb67f29463bf56e80ef82550c24212/pratts4.jpg" data-mid="77795577" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/298388fd9cb0e8bbad48ce20cdb38d2e4fdb67f29463bf56e80ef82550c24212/pratts4.jpg" /> Prattsville of Greene County in Hudson Valley showing the firestation, post-office and local market. In the rural areas we propose a shed typology that becomes an attachment to public institutions such as a fire station in Prattsville, Greene county. The Shed is designed to be energy-positive space that provides a high performance, healthy communal environment, while minimizing energy use through careful daylighting and natural ventilation, employing photovoltaic panels to generate substantially more power than consumed. The modular shed can be easily built on site as it has standardized dimensions of 8x16ft and uses 2x4 planks. &nbsp;<img width="1875" height="1000" width_o="1875" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/45e0e7e0d1d896baac3f6ba57ffd822b75fefc5907597c6b84155c393b5bf672/vision-rurual.jpg" data-mid="77801975" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/45e0e7e0d1d896baac3f6ba57ffd822b75fefc5907597c6b84155c393b5bf672/vision-rurual.jpg" /> By reimagining a dispersion of health services and promoting preventative healthcare programs, we can substantially lower the environmental impacts of the healthcare sector and create an equitable and sustainable model by dispersing wellness. <img width="1000" height="1000" width_o="1000" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/94cc1cd8b34b513dbea70e8cf5626fe8095af6a43dce396eab9812eaef453730/prattsville.jpg" data-mid="77799857" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/94cc1cd8b34b513dbea70e8cf5626fe8095af6a43dce396eab9812eaef453730/prattsville.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="1000" width_o="1000" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f244d171634ebf0b250c4459dddf14f9a3b98aa64c6bc454aa93e96464f1b03/shed.jpg" data-mid="77800116" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3f244d171634ebf0b250c4459dddf14f9a3b98aa64c6bc454aa93e96464f1b03/shed.jpg" /> <img width="1875" height="150" width_o="1875" height_o="150" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3f3d2d726db59cd5bb8870ba17fc5407d6c37a52a6360f26220d361723d1ec9/rural.jpg" data-mid="77802108" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e3f3d2d726db59cd5bb8870ba17fc5407d6c37a52a6360f26220d361723d1ec9/rural.jpg" /> Top: For rural areas we propose a shed typology that becomes an attachment to public institutions such as a fire station in Prattsville, Greene county. The Shed is designed to be energy-positive space that provides a high performance, healthy communal environment. The modular shed can be easily built on site as it has standardized dimensions of 8x16ft and uses 2x4 planks. Bottom: The dispoersion of the shed in different rural town of Greene and Columbia county This shed will comprise of a storefront health center serviced by a trained firefighter where residents can go for their routine check ups. In the case of Prattsville where the major health issue is social isolation, the shed also serves a communal living room space where programs such as home theatre movie, knitting activities programs that facilitate connections can be carried out. Through the extension of health services in public institutions and dispersing a wellness network in each neighborhood, we strive to make healthcare accessible to all but also promote the healthy living. The mobile health with a certified doctor make routine rounds to these rural areas for further services.Therefore, by reimagining a dispersion of health services and promoting preventative healthcare programs, we can substantially lower the environmental impacts of the healthcare sector and create an equitable and sustainable model by dispersing wellness. <img width="2722" height="1713" width_o="2722" height_o="1713" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6fe602167be81abe823090f6a53e1c0a453e545982baf399f319368ffb58e5b6/Asset-2.jpg" data-mid="77802174" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6fe602167be81abe823090f6a53e1c0a453e545982baf399f319368ffb58e5b6/Asset-2.jpg" /> <img width="2717" height="1706" width_o="2717" height_o="1706" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/01f6bacdc21fb4a467ba4890cc9f0f141de50d4d5a70317b628c324a0eb991e7/Asset-1.jpg" data-mid="77802173" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/01f6bacdc21fb4a467ba4890cc9f0f141de50d4d5a70317b628c324a0eb991e7/Asset-1.jpg" /> <img width="2720" height="1713" width_o="2720" height_o="1713" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e1d7bca84d044be44c407f4f24d0d360ce0d7b41bd5e45be5f37ce376ddc97e0/Asset-4.jpg" data-mid="77802176" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e1d7bca84d044be44c407f4f24d0d360ce0d7b41bd5e45be5f37ce376ddc97e0/Asset-4.jpg" /> Top: Through the extension of health services in public institutions and dispersing a wellness network in each neighborhood, we strived to make healthcare accessible to all but also promote the healthy living. Bottom Left:&nbsp;The shed serves a communal living room space where programs such as home theatre movie, knitting activities programs that facilitate connections can be carried out. Bottom Right: The mobile health with a certified doctor make routine rounds to these rural areas for further services. <img width="1750" height="1250" width_o="1750" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8ed316e03efc8757adcf1937f37527fad39a6e3947562e661e80e89d36082b25/rural-3-people.jpg" data-mid="77802706" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8ed316e03efc8757adcf1937f37527fad39a6e3947562e661e80e89d36082b25/rural-3-people.jpg" /> <img width="2720" height="1714" width_o="2720" height_o="1714" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6a10135bebfca48c70b7bd0023be3d91af2cbb47655c5716151dbd4cb57bf2a1/Asset-3.jpg" data-mid="77802175" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6a10135bebfca48c70b7bd0023be3d91af2cbb47655c5716151dbd4cb57bf2a1/Asset-3.jpg" /> ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Resilient-Living-Shoreline Mon, 20 Jul 2020 05:28:20 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Resilient-Living-Shoreline <img width="7200" height="3907" width_o="7200" height_o="3907" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/24b99b1f8834355ddc87c43b256a762a24ab5243f1dd7cb40da95263f47da64a/OYSTER-REEF.jpg" data-mid="77890681" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/24b99b1f8834355ddc87c43b256a762a24ab5243f1dd7cb40da95263f47da64a/OYSTER-REEF.jpg" />Resilient Living Shoreline Summer 2019 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Urban Design Studio LocationSunset Park, Brooklyn,&nbsp; NY Neighbourhood Scale CriticsTricia Martin, Nans Voron; Hayley Eber, Sagi Golan, Quilian Riano, Austin Sakong, Shin-pei Tsay Team Niharika Shekhawat, Jaime Palacios, Minjung Lee NYC has 21 Industrial Business Zones. 18 of these are located in waterfront sites. The Southwest Brooklyn IBZ is located in a historical marshland. About 55% of the IBZ is located under the flood zone. Global warming, increasing sea levels and extreme weather conditions threaten this manufacturing zone, as well as the prosperity of the community. The project is about providing a resiliency framework to protect the waterfront IBZ through the lens of Ecology, Community and Economy: A Resilient IBZ. <img width="5334" height="3000" width_o="5334" height_o="3000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/296a795ce2e93d35839b90e4ac29bbced222cf6f2a07004a13200290a75c63d2/Regional-1-1.jpg" data-mid="78208295" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/296a795ce2e93d35839b90e4ac29bbced222cf6f2a07004a13200290a75c63d2/Regional-1-1.jpg" /> <img width="5334" height="3000" width_o="5334" height_o="3000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aa015f126b96f812af5516a0e6a2c292bf52353fcd229ecca762e9e5d179d9e5/Regional-2-1.jpg" data-mid="78208296" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/aa015f126b96f812af5516a0e6a2c292bf52353fcd229ecca762e9e5d179d9e5/Regional-2-1.jpg" /> <img width="5334" height="3000" width_o="5334" height_o="3000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/94ac103d7aba4eb06ca86f50d872eab118b4f419db82de6e769c5483c36c3620/Regional-3-1.jpg" data-mid="78208297" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/94ac103d7aba4eb06ca86f50d872eab118b4f419db82de6e769c5483c36c3620/Regional-3-1.jpg" /> New York City is the largest regional economy of the United States. Manufacturing is a major contributor to its growth. There was an industrial decline in the mid 90’s and, in response, in 2006 New York City created Industrial Business Zones to protect manufacturing areas and continue to provide good paying jobs for the working class. <img width="4000" height="2250" width_o="4000" height_o="2250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a64ad97463d43098ff9350c2fa307c3aeff523d73ebc8c2c74a2d53bbbfc00dc/3A.-1995_page-0001.jpg" data-mid="78208290" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a64ad97463d43098ff9350c2fa307c3aeff523d73ebc8c2c74a2d53bbbfc00dc/3A.-1995_page-0001.jpg" /> <img width="4000" height="2250" width_o="4000" height_o="2250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/507b09b229b5731810d143d21d09cff6bc9ddb360d792cccb63343f93ce059a7/3B.-2018_page-0001.jpg" data-mid="78208291" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/507b09b229b5731810d143d21d09cff6bc9ddb360d792cccb63343f93ce059a7/3B.-2018_page-0001.jpg" /> <img width="4000" height="2250" width_o="4000" height_o="2250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fac74ba0587da5e97a365905178e15f8b979b6bd64b64e58c4c79e0909d7c254/3C.-SELECTED_page-0001.jpg" data-mid="78208292" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fac74ba0587da5e97a365905178e15f8b979b6bd64b64e58c4c79e0909d7c254/3C.-SELECTED_page-0001.jpg" /> Bay Ridge flats Ruins as assets visualized by bathymetric mapping. These ruins can be used as a base to build on to protect this Industrial Business Zone shoreline <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/58abe2378e0bb29e2908dca26b158bdd6ff1c066d57891069fbc8e0c7bbd70c6/sp.jpg" data-mid="77892723" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/58abe2378e0bb29e2908dca26b158bdd6ff1c066d57891069fbc8e0c7bbd70c6/sp.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e628650b9fb4bd8715d1ab092742c6459c5e77e9c0d01296b4286fd60077271/sp2.jpg" data-mid="77892724" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3e628650b9fb4bd8715d1ab092742c6459c5e77e9c0d01296b4286fd60077271/sp2.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4c1c2e9708e3040d10be1c907d170e6411640ca15da1912c663044e3965ccbbd/sp3.jpg" data-mid="77892725" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4c1c2e9708e3040d10be1c907d170e6411640ca15da1912c663044e3965ccbbd/sp3.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b8c945b22d66e4de6184eb322945b19eaa81471f9aa029b9ddb4dac2faf9496b/sp4.jpg" data-mid="77892726" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b8c945b22d66e4de6184eb322945b19eaa81471f9aa029b9ddb4dac2faf9496b/sp4.jpg" /> Site photos from left to right, showing the waterfront, the BQE highway, Sunset park residences and the commercial mom and pop shops in China town Sunset Park, a neighborhood located in the South West of Brooklyn where one third of the population lives below the New York City government poverty rate, is home to an IBZ. Although, the area is currently underutilized, it holds hopes and opportunities for the generations to come. However, the IBZ is at risk. The Southwest Brooklyn IBZ is located in a historical marshland. About 55% of the IBZ is located under the flood zone. Global warming, increasing sea levels and extreme weather conditions threaten this manufacturing zone, as well as the prosperity of the community. So, how can we make a Resilient IBZ that advocates for ecology, protects the economy, and safeguard the future of the local people? The key is on its waterfront. <img width="2575" height="1525" width_o="2575" height_o="1525" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e07e4c0d9e93b2b82ac8bbc2196e1fde96d0f3218e899d772bb5c5fd43d4ddd/streets.jpg" data-mid="77893580" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3e07e4c0d9e93b2b82ac8bbc2196e1fde96d0f3218e899d772bb5c5fd43d4ddd/streets.jpg" /> Top: Analysis of the streets of Sunset Park for potential areas of intervention. Showing Landuse, density, building height, pedestrian movement density, and location of open/green space. Bottom: Section through Sunset Park from East to West <img width="2050" height="1375" width_o="2050" height_o="1375" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/71b5c15c173f9ea3e0c5c76f5c448fde22eab8e934af531b3c654a4d05504a66/streets-analysis.jpg" data-mid="77893943" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/71b5c15c173f9ea3e0c5c76f5c448fde22eab8e934af531b3c654a4d05504a66/streets-analysis.jpg" /> Analysis of the streets to understand current conditions <img width="1750" height="1250" width_o="1750" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6d887c652a7415c2ae2cb87fe7b4a0629896d1886f12517b7c3eb4de8c672c58/why.jpg" data-mid="77892826" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6d887c652a7415c2ae2cb87fe7b4a0629896d1886f12517b7c3eb4de8c672c58/why.jpg" /> Sunset Park has 1/3 of the population lives below the NYC government poverty rate. The water table of the region does not allow for sufficient water absorption during flooding and 55% of the IBZ is under the 2020 flood plain. Most of its built infrastructure will face severe losses projecting towards the future. <img width="2050" height="1250" width_o="2050" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/27652100e72f7620f2a3d80a4ba15f6351b94608d5a204190093b2491952e95f/hook.jpg" data-mid="77899215" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/27652100e72f7620f2a3d80a4ba15f6351b94608d5a204190093b2491952e95f/hook.jpg" /> Top: Render showing how the project is about providing a resiliency framework to protect the waterfront Industrial Business Zones through the lens of Ecology, Economy and Community. Bottom: Collage section through Sunset Park. <img width="1000" height="675" width_o="1000" height_o="675" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6604d9dde9912d2666a16816fd3ad70112619ffc6e527b9ac81373f15b8ef977/before.jpg" data-mid="78209886" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6604d9dde9912d2666a16816fd3ad70112619ffc6e527b9ac81373f15b8ef977/before.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="675" width_o="1000" height_o="675" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fcb098fc1bb0d157990f9c6d2cf6c4f35f54cde92a07789d0e9db0284b2ff98d/after.jpg" data-mid="78209885" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fcb098fc1bb0d157990f9c6d2cf6c4f35f54cde92a07789d0e9db0284b2ff98d/after.jpg" /> Bathymetric maps from the NOAA show that abandoned piers as well as the Bay Ridge Flat lays underwater. The industrial footprint left heavy pollutants and weakened the ecosystems. The IBZ is currently underutilized by the neighborhood. There is a plan by the Brooklyn Greenway Initiative to activate the area through a greenway that connects from Red Hook to Bay Ridge. Taking advantage of the existing bathymetry, we plan to use natural ecosystems to reduce the energy of the waves and restore the coastal environment by cleaning the water and providing habitat. Living shorelines stabilize the shore, and reduce erosion and storm damage. They increase the flood storage capacity and strengthen the ecosystems. Hard infrastructure decays, while living shorelines naturally grow stronger over time. <img width="2050" height="1375" width_o="2050" height_o="1375" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/abd35e6a10e46dd510d033aa22789bdb0be7e5601eb92674fb57ca60bc250dea/main-plan.jpg" data-mid="77900422" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/abd35e6a10e46dd510d033aa22789bdb0be7e5601eb92674fb57ca60bc250dea/main-plan.jpg" /> The project provides a resiliency framework to protect the waterfront Industrial Business Zones through three lenses of Ecology, Economy and Community. <img width="1920" height="1080" width_o="1920" height_o="1080" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f8f8e819a8745be9848a17424de252ef4ec5117dedb41dad975ae9840c7ad2a8/ZOOM-1.jpg" data-mid="77900444" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f8f8e819a8745be9848a17424de252ef4ec5117dedb41dad975ae9840c7ad2a8/ZOOM-1.jpg" /> <img width="1920" height="1080" width_o="1920" height_o="1080" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b2e3d6573c1d241bc3ad2f11f3d55b166ed304b8c9a057c876281a8877d0935f/ZOOM-2.jpg" data-mid="77900445" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b2e3d6573c1d241bc3ad2f11f3d55b166ed304b8c9a057c876281a8877d0935f/ZOOM-2.jpg" /> <img width="1920" height="1170" width_o="1920" height_o="1170" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/523ec82ddecc8d4dc31d13103206f27e8202a88d966e0e421fce1694fbc35e3c/ZOOM-3.jpg" data-mid="77900446" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/523ec82ddecc8d4dc31d13103206f27e8202a88d966e0e421fce1694fbc35e3c/ZOOM-3.jpg" /> Zooming in on the three aspects of a Resilient Industrial Business Zone: Economy, Community and Economy <img width="7200" height="4389" width_o="7200" height_o="4389" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/03ac5f7ab7fc65a7c6dfdbfba72c251f262f8e210fb9191f36938da0bb13b91d/SHORELINE-RENDER.jpg" data-mid="77876735" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/03ac5f7ab7fc65a7c6dfdbfba72c251f262f8e210fb9191f36938da0bb13b91d/SHORELINE-RENDER.jpg" /> Living shorelines stabilize the shore, and reduce erosion and storm damage. They increase the flood storage capacity and strengthen the ecosystems. Hard infrastructure decays, while living shorelines naturally grow stronger over time. We are proposing to connect to the existing greenway, and use this connection as a barrier for sea level rise and inland water overflow. <img width="6000" height="3375" width_o="6000" height_o="3375" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b6cd0b753e1e8ee816571f45e575ebfa735f3095767e86545b44bfe84bbc22fb/COMMUNITY_FINAL.jpg" data-mid="77900506" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b6cd0b753e1e8ee816571f45e575ebfa735f3095767e86545b44bfe84bbc22fb/COMMUNITY_FINAL.jpg" /> <img width="1900" height="275" width_o="1900" height_o="275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6ff217e4f86bb7a82d62ac14af3eaf8829842d18eb48e206c90c1352a2e302a9/greenway.jpg" data-mid="77900508" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6ff217e4f86bb7a82d62ac14af3eaf8829842d18eb48e206c90c1352a2e302a9/greenway.jpg" />The Greenway will provide connectivity to Red Hook and Bay Ridge by activating the area. It runs along the waterfront making it climate resilient. Its morphology adapts to its context, responding to the built environment and the topography of the site. The first step is to raise awareness by taking advantage of the local resources and using the current infrastructure assets. Educational facilities and training centers will inform the local community about the program and provide a series of green job opportunities. To restore the bio-network, we need to nurse oysters, seagrass, and salt marsh. The nursery itself will start working as a natural purifying system. To manufacture the needed resources, recycled materials from the Sims Recycling Facilitywill be processed and developed on site, powered by our wind farms. <img width="6000" height="3375" width_o="6000" height_o="3375" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7a8dd24593e3bbd7bd1d332a9fac3d091f09e4f508097a5d23764ff1d3f6aef4/ECONOMY_FINAL.jpg" data-mid="77900507" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7a8dd24593e3bbd7bd1d332a9fac3d091f09e4f508097a5d23764ff1d3f6aef4/ECONOMY_FINAL.jpg" /> To restore the environment, locally manufactured materials made in facilities powered by wind energy. The Resource &amp; Training Center will design and develop ways to improve processes by testing the products in the Testing Facility. <img width="868" height="1510" width_o="868" height_o="1510" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ebb16b6a0fe63d52465d4eec2502927cc710f25897cf92711ca2627922a30c27/website.jpg" data-mid="78680953" border="0" data-scale="57" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/868/i/ebb16b6a0fe63d52465d4eec2502927cc710f25897cf92711ca2627922a30c27/website.jpg" /> Kickstarter campaign for make-your-own Oyster pod <img width="1900" height="950" width_o="1900" height_o="950" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/90e2099db68535ab4ae69fd3e595dc2ab6eb5f2bf1a8bf4d4679df5586dd8e96/circles.jpg" data-mid="77900631" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/90e2099db68535ab4ae69fd3e595dc2ab6eb5f2bf1a8bf4d4679df5586dd8e96/circles.jpg" />Integration of the different parts of Sunset Park such as the waterfront, the transportation and the community. <img width="1900" height="1125" width_o="1900" height_o="1125" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/102c8d64b6af7015203ed58cc2de97ec9dbefc0c2810fee574c1ae8ea22cd550/embodied.jpg" data-mid="77900632" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/102c8d64b6af7015203ed58cc2de97ec9dbefc0c2810fee574c1ae8ea22cd550/embodied.jpg" />A graph showing the most to least Embodied Energy of parts of the project, sorted by Economy, Ecology, Economy and Community category. Manufacturing will help the community thrive by providing better jobs, giving access to local products, and reducing their energy expenses. The work of the community will safeguard the industrial business zone, and it will attract new industries that add value to the community: an economy of sharing. We envision a protected IBZ that becomes stronger over time. A place that supports the community by securing its economy. An IBZ that advocates for environmental and social justice. A Resilient IBZ. ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Rehabilitation-through-Reformation Sat, 25 Jul 2020 03:25:47 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Rehabilitation-through-Reformation <img width="5184" height="2560" width_o="5184" height_o="2560" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f0830bb7db6c980d0de2294077f700510d1f69328a970afd17bf1e57a9f8dd40/IMG_9509b.jpg" data-mid="78569094" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f0830bb7db6c980d0de2294077f700510d1f69328a970afd17bf1e57a9f8dd40/IMG_9509b.jpg" />Rehabilitation through Reformation Spring 2017 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi Architecture Studio LocationNew Delhi Site Scale CriticsBK Tanuja Kanvinde, Sonia Kapre TypeUndergraduate Thesis Project This thesis focuses on how incarceration spaces can be expressed as a function of rehabilitation that can successfully imbibe correctional qualities, in order to release the convicted back into the open environment, as changed citizens. The area program for the project was derived with the help of the Delhi Jail Manual and the UNOP document. Major heads of the program are Inmate accommodation, inmate support, inmate facility and services. Reformation centers should aspire to become a place for promotion of mental health as a positive state; a place lessening the risk of deterioration through high-quality care and environment for inmates. Facade fabricated in concrete ranging in tones from earthy pinks to rusts and a cooling double skin to save energy. <img width="4961" height="3508" width_o="4961" height_o="3508" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9bbbf3e95eaafe298971da71c1766f787025027bc9ebfdcfd2f879b5321ff47f/5-2-SitePlan.jpg" data-mid="78422094" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9bbbf3e95eaafe298971da71c1766f787025027bc9ebfdcfd2f879b5321ff47f/5-2-SitePlan.jpg" /> Plan of the reformation center <img width="4961" height="802" width_o="4961" height_o="802" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0e145d5f0565f715460190f71fb9f5103bba52b746239cbae5b59c414b155b4c/5-2-DiagramOfConcepts.jpg" data-mid="78422077" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0e145d5f0565f715460190f71fb9f5103bba52b746239cbae5b59c414b155b4c/5-2-DiagramOfConcepts.jpg" /> Inculcate good behavior without constant vigilance Separation of men and women Reformation center as common spine Fortification with built and greens Green terraces Green balconies at each levels <img width="2480" height="201" width_o="2480" height_o="201" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e36390deba03ecb42c93fb440be1486330c2bda398afbd862b124b224bb8ea74/5-2-SectionElevation1.jpg" data-mid="78422089" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e36390deba03ecb42c93fb440be1486330c2bda398afbd862b124b224bb8ea74/5-2-SectionElevation1.jpg" /><img width="2480" height="230" width_o="2480" height_o="230" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fdfbb4d9fc49168c348874c1433e5254cf99d864fd0e08e069fa04ba7167d679/5-2-SectionElevation2.jpg" data-mid="78422090" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fdfbb4d9fc49168c348874c1433e5254cf99d864fd0e08e069fa04ba7167d679/5-2-SectionElevation2.jpg" /> Elevation of the front and the back of the reformation center <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0260b24caf5c12ac775ac45dd542a599f3484b1e2712169d6f2c9747e0e88f5b/IMG_9506.JPG" data-mid="78565849" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0260b24caf5c12ac775ac45dd542a599f3484b1e2712169d6f2c9747e0e88f5b/IMG_9506.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a83592424043a2fee482ef34ed9550d614a0ca48538161fe60f5cfaf98b38327/IMG_9489.JPG" data-mid="78565795" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a83592424043a2fee482ef34ed9550d614a0ca48538161fe60f5cfaf98b38327/IMG_9489.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/06e44df6ac3beefe63b76d8ffd1bf9cee37fd65afb06c558b828117417282242/IMG_9484.JPG" data-mid="78565736" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/06e44df6ac3beefe63b76d8ffd1bf9cee37fd65afb06c558b828117417282242/IMG_9484.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/29cc33a712b1f7e019a5b6cf58c09dd5ec3d906692d4958089cf02afe9acb241/IMG_9499.JPG" data-mid="78565842" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/29cc33a712b1f7e019a5b6cf58c09dd5ec3d906692d4958089cf02afe9acb241/IMG_9499.JPG" /> <img width="4961" height="732" width_o="4961" height_o="732" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2b6a11f1575cf0ac03daa0f977bcffbd0fa2fd474cb398b6ceb65b5233366c61/5-2-DiagramOfSitePlanning.jpg" data-mid="78422080" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2b6a11f1575cf0ac03daa0f977bcffbd0fa2fd474cb398b6ceb65b5233366c61/5-2-DiagramOfSitePlanning.jpg" /> Location of building cores Patrol road Outer boundary Inner boundary + watch towers <img width="4961" height="2976" width_o="4961" height_o="2976" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d19ebb69a276208577c9b3ba004fdefb8c37c197e77cd0efdd6c93f038d7e317/5-2-AxoSection.jpg" data-mid="78422076" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d19ebb69a276208577c9b3ba004fdefb8c37c197e77cd0efdd6c93f038d7e317/5-2-AxoSection.jpg" /> <img width="4961" height="1193" width_o="4961" height_o="1193" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5ebb3cfce89acdcea870391c0a9de26125969d5736b950b98992a6beb01a7311/5-2-DiagramOfPrograms-1.jpg" data-mid="78422556" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5ebb3cfce89acdcea870391c0a9de26125969d5736b950b98992a6beb01a7311/5-2-DiagramOfPrograms-1.jpg" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b803f1eb80095b0964b2a3a7b155294d0a26d4ebe72c8f44e8e6249ac4c7904/IMG_9479.JPG" data-mid="78565659" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0b803f1eb80095b0964b2a3a7b155294d0a26d4ebe72c8f44e8e6249ac4c7904/IMG_9479.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/076ac949cb0b9d71fc6bbb4263d4f0c8710438d8c5039ed35375921ae934ca7f/IMG_9512.JPG" data-mid="78565859" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/076ac949cb0b9d71fc6bbb4263d4f0c8710438d8c5039ed35375921ae934ca7f/IMG_9512.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/11805be7e125c1b4ea9d1b24045fc8a59ce5d4a40feef4c4bc91cfca2d6415f0/IMG_9482.JPG" data-mid="78565729" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/11805be7e125c1b4ea9d1b24045fc8a59ce5d4a40feef4c4bc91cfca2d6415f0/IMG_9482.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5034868ef46a00cf61ee627692d2791d4bcb65be8538fa68e8569f81868d4d2b/IMG_9513.JPG" data-mid="78565918" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5034868ef46a00cf61ee627692d2791d4bcb65be8538fa68e8569f81868d4d2b/IMG_9513.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/74bfd352b546c49547a337506febf228576eea1d1c2eceada694def5e25ff9aa/IMG_9497.JPG" data-mid="78565815" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/74bfd352b546c49547a337506febf228576eea1d1c2eceada694def5e25ff9aa/IMG_9497.JPG" /> <img width="4961" height="856" width_o="4961" height_o="856" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c7132c6529f5c996312ed127f4083b5e0e1d52eaedd609c9d0a3d4e845b6da8c/5-2-AreaProgram.jpg" data-mid="78422075" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c7132c6529f5c996312ed127f4083b5e0e1d52eaedd609c9d0a3d4e845b6da8c/5-2-AreaProgram.jpg" /> The area program for the project was derived with the help of the Delhi Jail Manual and the UNOP document. Major heads of the program are Inmate accommodation, inmate support, inmate facility and services. <img width="1550" height="625" width_o="1550" height_o="625" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e9dd5f1bdd0a253e62e4bba6b8621ed617c34e13e87cba92e2775cfef4d23d21/cell-types-1.jpg" data-mid="78422305" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e9dd5f1bdd0a253e62e4bba6b8621ed617c34e13e87cba92e2775cfef4d23d21/cell-types-1.jpg" /> Cell Type A Single Room High Security Convicts 3m x 2m Cell Type B Double Room Convicts 3m x 3.33m Cell Type C 6 People Dormitory Under-trials 7m x 5m <img width="4961" height="1188" width_o="4961" height_o="1188" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a598048ddd734ba49878d81b085dc2e84c8047403bda018683804de4ea843819/5-2-Schedule.jpg" data-mid="78422088" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a598048ddd734ba49878d81b085dc2e84c8047403bda018683804de4ea843819/5-2-Schedule.jpg" />Schedule of a day at the correctional center <img width="2505" height="1317" width_o="2505" height_o="1317" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9a6cb61055d7432bba501b8c4023105d6056ac29bc015e485889a0741429b938/5-2-FloorPlan1.jpg" data-mid="78422083" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9a6cb61055d7432bba501b8c4023105d6056ac29bc015e485889a0741429b938/5-2-FloorPlan1.jpg" /> <img width="2505" height="1317" width_o="2505" height_o="1317" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/08c1f0ebe1b24a0609b2f0bfe2ac920be5f4c5b7a423cda175449d70af57d206/5-2-FloorPlan2.jpg" data-mid="78422084" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/08c1f0ebe1b24a0609b2f0bfe2ac920be5f4c5b7a423cda175449d70af57d206/5-2-FloorPlan2.jpg" /> <img width="2505" height="1317" width_o="2505" height_o="1317" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c5856294d5651cfde87cb05df2d66abacaf6e4f9ae186a0a719c7bc0566f976a/5-2-FloorPlan3.jpg" data-mid="78422085" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c5856294d5651cfde87cb05df2d66abacaf6e4f9ae186a0a719c7bc0566f976a/5-2-FloorPlan3.jpg" /> <img width="2505" height="1317" width_o="2505" height_o="1317" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0ba5ef9c2d563b09e5976337c2cc308ca3a2a0d7f6342b455389747203cf0374/5-2-FloorPlan4.jpg" data-mid="78422086" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0ba5ef9c2d563b09e5976337c2cc308ca3a2a0d7f6342b455389747203cf0374/5-2-FloorPlan4.jpg" /> <img width="2505" height="1317" width_o="2505" height_o="1317" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c2a3be585b094b3d571a34fcd5a92db4188ba77ec7e230c4ebd0c034ceed0c42/5-2-FloorPlan5.jpg" data-mid="78422087" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c2a3be585b094b3d571a34fcd5a92db4188ba77ec7e230c4ebd0c034ceed0c42/5-2-FloorPlan5.jpg" /> Floor Plans of the reformation center <img width="4961" height="466" width_o="4961" height_o="466" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/02c174c80cc12e052ecf9058788fcf8d157e98076da251385d5c0fa6b248b007/5-2-ShadowAnalysis.jpg" data-mid="78422093" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/02c174c80cc12e052ecf9058788fcf8d157e98076da251385d5c0fa6b248b007/5-2-ShadowAnalysis.jpg" /> Summer Solstice 1200hrs Summer solstice 1500hrs Summer solstice 1630hrs Winter solstice 1200hrs Winter solstice 1500hrs Winter solstice 1630hrs <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e5c2ba4ab64c01c5ed169128e66819aa099722fe334a17f26d09e995863b0541/IMG_9523.JPG" data-mid="78565997" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e5c2ba4ab64c01c5ed169128e66819aa099722fe334a17f26d09e995863b0541/IMG_9523.JPG" /> <img width="5184" height="3456" width_o="5184" height_o="3456" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/65215fa7cd363d2fc1aa573492ae41166e395e040f2d5fa243c5b755c8cd484f/IMG_9491.JPG" data-mid="78565764" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/65215fa7cd363d2fc1aa573492ae41166e395e040f2d5fa243c5b755c8cd484f/IMG_9491.JPG" /> <img width="1164" height="206" width_o="1164" height_o="206" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/22739d0e357d38811eb27ee8309bd3363b5714567bcfa0a59603bc02f743252a/5-2-SectionElevation3.jpg" data-mid="78422091" border="0" data-scale="74" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/22739d0e357d38811eb27ee8309bd3363b5714567bcfa0a59603bc02f743252a/5-2-SectionElevation3.jpg" /><img width="1104" height="198" width_o="1104" height_o="198" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/86bfae2491c781c5416ea3a3cea803beb9e0c1d831f10dfafb19205d6d625ec1/5-2-SectionElevation4.jpg" data-mid="78422092" border="0" data-scale="74" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/86bfae2491c781c5416ea3a3cea803beb9e0c1d831f10dfafb19205d6d625ec1/5-2-SectionElevation4.jpg" /> Sectional elevation through the centre, showing the stepped terraces and windows on the facade <img width="1727" height="1217" width_o="1727" height_o="1217" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6596bafb260b941a02182e311b7d8e7d57b89d2f19f0990084ba9107e61b87a2/5-2-SurveillanceSitePlan.jpg" data-mid="78422095" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6596bafb260b941a02182e311b7d8e7d57b89d2f19f0990084ba9107e61b87a2/5-2-SurveillanceSitePlan.jpg" />Watch towers and their visual area ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Urban-Link Mon, 27 Jul 2020 05:45:35 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Urban-Link <img width="5184" height="2492" width_o="5184" height_o="2492" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b5075a31c50ff42ca7368845d077266821bcf477e7f42bfdd314bdc081646d3/IMG_4424.jpg" data-mid="78508061" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0b5075a31c50ff42ca7368845d077266821bcf477e7f42bfdd314bdc081646d3/IMG_4424.jpg" />Urban Link Fall 2016 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi Architecture Studio LocationNew Delhi Neighbourhood Scale CriticsBK Tanuja Kanvinde, Sonia Kapre TeamNiharika Shekhawat, Ambika Malhotra, Meher N Bahl, Tanya Makker A transit Oriented mixed-use development built around Dwarka Sector 10 metro station, consisting of various functions such as office, residence, retail, convention center and hotel. Also consisting of public spaces interlinked via mandatory green, this urban design projects aims to create a viable addition to the urban fabric of the city. Public spaces form the focus of the complex around which the built is scattered. Programmatic disposition allows public movement at lower levels, bringing people into the complex. Lack of boundary leading to urban permeability.Ground Coverage : 24,880 sqmTotal Area : 226,786 sqmF.A.R : 3.8 <img width="3150" height="798" width_o="3150" height_o="798" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/099360e1093405e3ec4f41d1d1e40603a0685a1279acef689dae21ead6ec2f6d/5-1-Render2.jpg" data-mid="78424150" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/099360e1093405e3ec4f41d1d1e40603a0685a1279acef689dae21ead6ec2f6d/5-1-Render2.jpg" /> View from Transit Oriented Development from the metro station <img width="3150" height="3760" width_o="3150" height_o="3760" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4867c788b9ced57ea9f4ce1a95a6e62fbfe480960f7e050dafb97aad1f8d0ce7/5-1-SitePlanRooftop.jpg" data-mid="78424159" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4867c788b9ced57ea9f4ce1a95a6e62fbfe480960f7e050dafb97aad1f8d0ce7/5-1-SitePlanRooftop.jpg" /> Layout of Urban Link in the neighbourhood <img width="2645" height="3346" width_o="2645" height_o="3346" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fea3bc571ec511ff21a694777434758977d1fd4dd6a9e9c0363dc81404f58064/5-1-SiteNetworks.jpg" data-mid="78424156" border="0" data-scale="64" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fea3bc571ec511ff21a694777434758977d1fd4dd6a9e9c0363dc81404f58064/5-1-SiteNetworks.jpg" />Transit oriented development site integration <img width="4961" height="3508" width_o="4961" height_o="3508" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76bcb863ad0dae4b7e8d09626f228c31efdf4299aa37750cf0550c3218073eb6/5-1-SitePlan.jpg" data-mid="78424157" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/76bcb863ad0dae4b7e8d09626f228c31efdf4299aa37750cf0550c3218073eb6/5-1-SitePlan.jpg" />&nbsp;Site Plan of the Urban Link in its context consisting of the offices and mall <img width="5184" height="2832" width_o="5184" height_o="2832" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c4d27617974b87568efba4401e627bddbe66bc809bc271b8557bb69511aecec/IMG_4439.jpg" data-mid="78508063" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5c4d27617974b87568efba4401e627bddbe66bc809bc271b8557bb69511aecec/IMG_4439.jpg" /> <img width="3755" height="2656" width_o="3755" height_o="2656" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f032bc9c25eb4af454010f897114129dbd8998d079c76e6e29951c4e0ec0387c/5-1-AreaProgram.jpg" data-mid="78424136" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f032bc9c25eb4af454010f897114129dbd8998d079c76e6e29951c4e0ec0387c/5-1-AreaProgram.jpg" /> Functional Programing of the components <img width="4961" height="2613" width_o="4961" height_o="2613" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5255edade81764eb9a2ea8fab2cb8fc2be5f4d7f2489fb08da89080e00f524ce/5-1-SitePlanning.jpg" data-mid="78424158" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5255edade81764eb9a2ea8fab2cb8fc2be5f4d7f2489fb08da89080e00f524ce/5-1-SitePlanning.jpg" />From top left to bottom right:&nbsp;Dispersed mixed-use,&nbsp;Stacked Mixed-use,&nbsp;Dispersed plus stacked mixed-use,&nbsp;Physical and visual linkages <img width="2866" height="2866" width_o="2866" height_o="2866" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/19bc461dee5df9dfcb21b535d987f05aeeaf486de1c0bbe9d6306393e6ece70f/5-1-Render1.jpg" data-mid="78424149" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/19bc461dee5df9dfcb21b535d987f05aeeaf486de1c0bbe9d6306393e6ece70f/5-1-Render1.jpg" /> View of the Business block with the three functions ( hotel, office and convention centre) linked in a self sufficient interconnected block <img width="2566" height="2291" width_o="2566" height_o="2291" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e48eea3547ae8866185c76d8ddbe9ae0de0ddc47a4a49fdd7f07c3b0d3d4ba3/5-1-BusinessBlockFloorPlans.jpg" data-mid="78424140" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3e48eea3547ae8866185c76d8ddbe9ae0de0ddc47a4a49fdd7f07c3b0d3d4ba3/5-1-BusinessBlockFloorPlans.jpg" />Plan of the Business block <img width="2553" height="1049" width_o="2553" height_o="1049" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/68ab3090626ab4950fdee1f1cd496355403d2f472e05d01287bc6ed12d96d9c6/5-1-BusinessBlockSection.jpg" data-mid="78424142" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/68ab3090626ab4950fdee1f1cd496355403d2f472e05d01287bc6ed12d96d9c6/5-1-BusinessBlockSection.jpg" />Section of the Business block <img width="4776" height="1876" width_o="4776" height_o="1876" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3da28bc1ce80141d6ffb53bdabbdb2b73bc5d84a0cfbe75e0f996b30d7eb03c2/IMG_4445.jpg" data-mid="78508164" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3da28bc1ce80141d6ffb53bdabbdb2b73bc5d84a0cfbe75e0f996b30d7eb03c2/IMG_4445.jpg" /> View of the Residential Block <img width="2412" height="1729" width_o="2412" height_o="1729" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d17c2a49e3fcc5d6976c397764dc193af7c24e485250ae36b191da76d9e5f15/5-1-ResidentialBlockFloorPlans.jpg" data-mid="78424151" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4d17c2a49e3fcc5d6976c397764dc193af7c24e485250ae36b191da76d9e5f15/5-1-ResidentialBlockFloorPlans.jpg" /> Plan of the residential block <img width="2433" height="989" width_o="2433" height_o="989" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76b0436b9828eaec411e181abc13067e547d17436ee402348081a16657e1cf23/5-1-ResidentialBlockSection.jpg" data-mid="78424152" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/76b0436b9828eaec411e181abc13067e547d17436ee402348081a16657e1cf23/5-1-ResidentialBlockSection.jpg" />Section of the residential block <img width="2370" height="590" width_o="2370" height_o="590" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/78c2e33cef3594b2729446cb6accfe00f3404595fa69c2f084ae32605bb9549d/5-1-ResidentialBlockUnitPlans.jpg" data-mid="78424153" border="0" data-scale="93" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/78c2e33cef3594b2729446cb6accfe00f3404595fa69c2f084ae32605bb9549d/5-1-ResidentialBlockUnitPlans.jpg" /> Unit A: 40 sqm Unit B: 60 sqm Service Apartments: 120 sqm <img width="4940" height="2652" width_o="4940" height_o="2652" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/92eb69c80c181fce9a22cc87a66c1bea8899c8d60472de323a682cf1b5c422e3/IMG_4436.jpg" data-mid="78508062" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/92eb69c80c181fce9a22cc87a66c1bea8899c8d60472de323a682cf1b5c422e3/IMG_4436.jpg" /> View of the Retail block <img width="2770" height="1927" width_o="2770" height_o="1927" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/98d57756d7a061f432d3b458343fd8e0ca2efc4fcd1487b5b5e5e086b743f796/5-1-RetailBlockFloorPlans.jpg" data-mid="78424154" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/98d57756d7a061f432d3b458343fd8e0ca2efc4fcd1487b5b5e5e086b743f796/5-1-RetailBlockFloorPlans.jpg" /> Plans of the Retail Block <img width="2827" height="881" width_o="2827" height_o="881" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3d3e844829e0cfb31153298f7cf6316b4f81c45426f884af914d276fd75ed2aa/5-1-RetailBlockSection.jpg" data-mid="78424155" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3d3e844829e0cfb31153298f7cf6316b4f81c45426f884af914d276fd75ed2aa/5-1-RetailBlockSection.jpg" /> Section of the Retail Block ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Redefining-Refugee-City Wed, 22 Jul 2020 06:40:42 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Redefining-Refugee-City <img width="2125" height="1225" width_o="2125" height_o="1225" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/598694dec6b4bee3f51729b9a102e18ea1ee7b2ac45d0b6bf134beb6ef3a4251/map.jpg" data-mid="78018034" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/598694dec6b4bee3f51729b9a102e18ea1ee7b2ac45d0b6bf134beb6ef3a4251/map.jpg" /> Redefining Refugee City Spring 2020 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Speculative City Seminar LocationRohingya Refugee Camp, Kutupalong, Bangladesh City Scale CriticsDavid Eugin Moon TypeAnalytical Study Designing for refugees is one of the most sought after trends followed by many architects and designers. They have an affinity for designing tech heavy, modular, “one size fits all” solutions for a group of people who couldn’t be more different from them. There has been so much focus on the speed and ease of construction for these “camps” that designers have forgotten the basic humane aspects of “living”. Most of the world’s refugee camps are designed as temporary facilities and designers have not focused on the journey and mental health of the refugees for whom they design for, therefore this booklet speculates on the need to Redefine the Refugee City as a vibrant city, with thriving economies, judicious system of governance and civic institutions and a step away from seeing them as temporary camps or settlements. It is critical for us to study and respond to the socio-cultural ramifications of migration. How do we stop seeing these “refugee settlements” as “camps’ ‘? How do we use ‘materials’ and local partnership to create a sense of identity and ownership for these migrants? How do we build cities that are adaptive to the needs of these ever changing dynamics? How do we ensure that host communities absorb refugees and migrants into their local social fabric? When we look at the current situation, there are more refugees and internally displaced people today, than at any point since World War II. People all over the world are driven from their homes by conflict, persecution, environmental calamity, or dire economic straits. They have been deprived of their claim at land, statehood, material possessions, and even their loved ones. More than half of these refugees are children, who with their families seek solace in purpose-built “refugee camps” and unplanned settlements, where they wait out their displacement, with an attempt to begin a new life. While their numbers are increasing each year, the average stay in a refugee camp is currently around seventeen years, and yet it keeps increasing year after year. Furthermore, this situation is going to get worsened by the current Climate crisis which has increased the number of climate refugees migrating to safer lands. When we look at some of the refugee camps currently in the world, we see how there are many kinds of settlements, from camps set up by refugees themselves, in which case they have lesser facilities and organizations, or camps set up by agencies such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These camps are more ordered and have more amenities for people. There is also a distinction made based on the governing body over a settlement. Some camps or parts of them might fall under the UNHCR, but there are many that are controlled by host communities (Host communities are communities native to the area that the migrants have settled in). More factors that affect the fabric of a camp are the number of displaced persons seeking refuge, the cultural and ethnic ties between the host country and the refugees, the host country’s capacity to absorb new people, and the military and political circumstances of the host country are all factors that contribute.Apart from the usual ‘to be expected’ modular cramped, temporary shack construction seen in the typical camp, there are many new age variants designed keeping in mind the refugee and their mental and social needs. Maidan Tent by Bonaventura Visconti di Modrone and Leo Bettini Oberkalmsteiner aims to create a semi open indoor public communal space with adaptive features to protect from water, wind and be fire resistant. The garden library in Levinsky Park in Tel Aviv, Israel caters to the migrant population that congregates there. It is constructed to be open to all, a conscious decision to ensure free and equitable access to the library. Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias, Lebanon by CatalyticAction was created as an effort to address the psychological trauma experienced by migrant children and to ensure their healthy development. <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e8021ef9d87fb231c5db2d09d9c3320ca83e22c921db668992f407d523e951ad/cox.jpg" data-mid="78018029" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e8021ef9d87fb231c5db2d09d9c3320ca83e22c921db668992f407d523e951ad/cox.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a5dff1ff4ee821afce300cfc0d935a1e20cf7a0d21db886200fbca254d53c299/cox2.jpg" data-mid="78018030" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a5dff1ff4ee821afce300cfc0d935a1e20cf7a0d21db886200fbca254d53c299/cox2.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/63aa9d18a435d1d4e1c0c32c7409f52a1387f4514dda5254028a7d9312ee218d/cox3.jpg" data-mid="78018031" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/63aa9d18a435d1d4e1c0c32c7409f52a1387f4514dda5254028a7d9312ee218d/cox3.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1031" width_o="1650" height_o="1031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1e3c09fe9bef2ba32424b20b73ee8202473069687cd483a77dd613c00991ca63/cox4.jpg" data-mid="78018032" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1e3c09fe9bef2ba32424b20b73ee8202473069687cd483a77dd613c00991ca63/cox4.jpg" /> Looking at different areas of the Kutupalong Camp with houses made with tarp along a raised pathway, retail shops and an education spaces for children. The Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh is one of the largest refugee populations in the world. In 2017, there were 1.2 million people in need of humanitarian aid. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres described the situation as “the world’s fastest-developing refugee emergency and a humanitarian and human rights nightmare.” Kutupalong settlement in Cox’s Bazar, near the Bangladesh-Myanmar border is home to these refugees but at the same time is also one of the poorest districts of Bangladesh. The recent influx of Rohingya refugees and haphazard construction of sprawling camps roused local concerns: both communities are competing for resources and there has been widespread destruction of forests and agricultural land, and a related surge in inflation of everything from food to housing prices. About 85% of the host community don’t feel safe with the Rohingya community nearby. <img width="2125" height="1475" width_o="2125" height_o="1475" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4e1704a4042731a272b6726570240c4b7c2eddf0f90f1444d8bbcac4954a3abf/pamphlet.jpg" data-mid="78017357" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4e1704a4042731a272b6726570240c4b7c2eddf0f90f1444d8bbcac4954a3abf/pamphlet.jpg" /> Pamphlet showing the end product of Speculative City seminar for “Redefining the Refugee City” satellite image showing Kutupalong camp 18 and 19 of Kutupalong Rohingya camp Apart from friction with the host communities, these migrant workers have to face many issues like no access to formal education or prospects of jobs to earn a livelihood, badly constructed shack houses which are not resilient to rain or heat waves, easy access to drugs and violence, rising trafficking due to overpopulation, lack of resources such as water and nutritious food. Mental health is another factor affecting the migrant communities, as many Rohingyans feel hopeless of any positive change in their livelihoods and want to return to Myanmar in spite of the violence they faced there. <img width="1600" height="1375" width_o="1600" height_o="1375" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/136778199a76b08d008e419cd6473cb438b6646fd22117ec183cb24f55ff1d83/vision.jpg" data-mid="78018035" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/136778199a76b08d008e419cd6473cb438b6646fd22117ec183cb24f55ff1d83/vision.jpg" /> Vision of Kutupalong camp in Bhashan Char Island as pilot for a redefined Refugee City The Bangladesh government’s solution for this overgrowing crisis is Bhashan Char, an island off the coast of Cox’s Bazar. They have approved plans for a ‘refugee island’ to relocate these refugees. Currently the plans include row concrete housing in a flood prone island with no scope for employment or education. Many Rohingyan’s are wary of this relocation and are rejecting the move as it feels like an island Prison sentence. Refugee camps have become associated with human suffering, and the sheer size of these settlements testifies to the severity of forced displacement around the world. Yet, these settlements are also spaces of hope and optimism. For many inhabitants, these camps could represent a stepping stone on the path to safety and prosperity.So what makes a refugee city? By Speculating the city to be a catalyst for promoting the humanity of the migrants that live in it, designing spaces that foster a safe environment which has the capacity to lessen the trauma inflicted by displacement. On a systemic level, the city should pop-up with ease and speed, but also have scope for incrementality. There should be scope to replace temporary elements with permanent ones over time. Diluting thresholds can help in seamless flow of spaces to accommodate equitable access to non-private areas. Refugee encampments and detention centers should no longer act as zones of exclusion, ignored by both governments and civic institutions. On an Urban level, the city should have spaces for congregations. These liminal spaces can vary from smaller ones, adapting to smaller collections of people to large spaces, accommodating more people to collect. This provision will affect mental health by fostering conversations which can give rise to a sense of identity. On a built level the city can be made of structures that are dynamic and changing with the intended use. These built spaces should be well connected with comfortable circulation channels. Landmarking in the city can also help in creating a sense of identity and relationship to the new place. On a human level the spaces of the city should nurture the rights of the individual. They should foster collectives. There can be bodies of stewards from the migrant community which creates a system of social capital in which people can perform tasks in return for benefits. This locally created currency can create an ecology of resources that are circulated within the people of the community. These speculations when applied to the Bhashan Char Rohingya Refugee island can foster a community which is hopeful and positive of its future livelihood. The city would be built with ecological rehabilitation by marshland restoration. The people would be able to cultivate their own food by farming and sustainable fishing. They would have recreational spaces for congregation, created by wetland integration. This resilient city with its activated street life would thrive with the help of stewards and their social currency. It is critical for us to speculate such habitable spaces for the migrant populations and respond to the social integration of people with each other. Encourage a sense of belonging and identity by creating socio-cultural bonds amongst the people. These cities are dynamic and should adapt to the changing nature of factors that affect it. Once the communities thrive we further their social fabric by integrating them to the host communities. We need to stop seeing these “refugee settlements” as “camps’, but as the next ‘cities’ and centres of vibrancy by Redefining the Refugee City ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Resilience-Accelerator-for-Johnstown Wed, 22 Jul 2020 18:43:22 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Resilience-Accelerator-for-Johnstown <img width="1792" height="1075" width_o="1792" height_o="1075" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/903c201f72aad36b3bba0b0d77cade26f7d37428aa5eba060fa2355820400767/2.jpg" data-mid="78092774" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/903c201f72aad36b3bba0b0d77cade26f7d37428aa5eba060fa2355820400767/2.jpg" /> Resilience Accelerator for Johnstown Fall 2019 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Toward Resilient Cities and Landscape Seminar LocationJohnstown, PA City Scale CriticsKate Orff, Edwin Thaddeus Pawlowski TeamNiharika Shekhawat, Yile Xu Workshop in Johnstown to imagine it as a place for making. Johnstown was imagined as tiles and groups were assigned to workshop different aspects of Johnstown. Creative place making and River arts walk to create a resilient, community oriented creative district serving as a magnet for influx of people and resources were some first steps ideas that came out of this workshop. <img width="1792" height="1425" width_o="1792" height_o="1425" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0a0ba7ca1dabe119e3bfb032dc86019b13be66f7f42214aecb6d988e2719dca9/3.jpg" data-mid="78100761" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0a0ba7ca1dabe119e3bfb032dc86019b13be66f7f42214aecb6d988e2719dca9/3.jpg" /> Tiles of slices of Johnstown for the workshop catering to different sectors of the city. We were divided into different groups and walked the transects, make notes on plan and section diagrams. (excerpts from an opinion piece by Thaddeus Pawlowski in the Tribune Democrat, November 22, 2019) On October 28, Johnstown’s community leaders came together with graduate students and faculty from Columbia University to discuss how to make the area’s infrastructure more resilient. A resilient city is one that can survive shocking events like floods, adapt to ongoing challenges like a more global economy, and thrive today and for generations to come. Often resilience builds up gradually, but when there is an escalating crisis, resilience can be accelerated through coordinated public investments into things like transportation, housing, arts and education, economic development and green infrastructure. What if all the small cities in Western Pennsylvania could be linked by high-speed regional rail? Hundreds of miles of railroads once linked the region’s small cities. As the economy became more global, manufacturing moved to cheaper labor markets, cars and trucks replaced trains, and the interstate highways bypassed small cities driving jobs and housing away from downtowns, a trend that continues today. <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/edf6e49c5ae67f879f8b43b738969d92124d9d015c27bae7f038660790abe20a/a.jpg" data-mid="78100764" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/edf6e49c5ae67f879f8b43b738969d92124d9d015c27bae7f038660790abe20a/a.jpg" /> <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/87ef252f87e9ff1a9df1f4ba814f59104f1b7c0a152406fbceb861a2fc6f95f1/a2.jpg" data-mid="78100765" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/87ef252f87e9ff1a9df1f4ba814f59104f1b7c0a152406fbceb861a2fc6f95f1/a2.jpg" /> Reimagining the Johnstown arts walk <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/662757cd33655822763a635a746c699e44e1d8b8af76963018851c01e703138d/a3.jpg" data-mid="78100766" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/662757cd33655822763a635a746c699e44e1d8b8af76963018851c01e703138d/a3.jpg" /> <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7365bb1e8e5f6ae46ba2706dcd9c58248adf4374f106f2f7f3e96626ec54d424/a4.jpg" data-mid="78100767" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/7365bb1e8e5f6ae46ba2706dcd9c58248adf4374f106f2f7f3e96626ec54d424/a4.jpg" /> What if the city’s identity could be reborn as a destination for makers and artisans? Anyone visiting the Center for Metal Arts and the Bottleworks can see, Johnstown is a place for makers and doers. Creative place-making and arts programs are not a luxury, but the backbone of a diverse and robust economy. Public support for the arts and arts education should therefore be a national, state, and local priority. Johnstown would be an ideal location to build a college campus that would benefit from this culture of creativity, perhaps a College for Industrial Art and Innovation, supported by a public endowment as were the state land grant universities. <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/47153c1f2fda6a7def23a1aa4efd91f0dbccec330ae5185dcae3f1f1cdd3cb3b/b.jpg" data-mid="78100768" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/47153c1f2fda6a7def23a1aa4efd91f0dbccec330ae5185dcae3f1f1cdd3cb3b/b.jpg" /> <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/78f57e0e3d21bac15d4b47b47bfc25c330527c4057f59013ad0d445d158ec472/b2.jpg" data-mid="78100769" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/78f57e0e3d21bac15d4b47b47bfc25c330527c4057f59013ad0d445d158ec472/b2.jpg" /> Reimagining the Johnstown arts walk <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f66143743c3ee0a83141dd03fb41970ab814bc3c1d385c8024a51657a5ed41e/b3.jpg" data-mid="78100771" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/0f66143743c3ee0a83141dd03fb41970ab814bc3c1d385c8024a51657a5ed41e/b3.jpg" /> <img width="915" height="450" width_o="915" height_o="450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff70ed67fbf52be31a335a352d7a1276ebd60dbac0613400cba232097e82ec2d/b4.jpg" data-mid="78100772" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/915/i/ff70ed67fbf52be31a335a352d7a1276ebd60dbac0613400cba232097e82ec2d/b4.jpg" /> What if former steel mills could be repurposed to build renewable energy infrastructure? Scientists have warned that unless we re-tool our infrastructure and industries to emit significantly less greenhouse gas, the 21st century will see more disasters around the world and close to home, which can harm our economy further. What if abandoned housing could be refurbished by and for climate refugees? Johnstown makes almost every list of poor cities, but this is misleading. Only 10% of households are in poverty in the greater area, but within the city 30% of households are in poverty. Nationwide the gap between rich and poor steadily widened over the last several decades and the middle class has shrunk. What if deteriorating flood control infrastructure could be rebuilt for the storms of the 21st century as a vast urban forest? Johnstown’s water problems don’t start or end at the river. With increased precipitation, Johnstown will need more storage for water. More grey solutions--tanks and pipes--will be costly to build and maintain, prone to failure, and not provide the added benefits provided by the green alternative: a forest. <img width="1792" height="1300" width_o="1792" height_o="1300" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e76df4d58c4ce8304a7b3d933cac80d24501e2874599e691450165bd212029ea/5.jpg" data-mid="78100763" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e76df4d58c4ce8304a7b3d933cac80d24501e2874599e691450165bd212029ea/5.jpg" />Resilient Infrastructure Futures NYC. Columbia GSAPP and CRCL workshop at Our Futures Festival NYC, to engage the public in a creative exercise to visualize the innovations needed for carbon-free critical infrastructure.&nbsp; Also exploring how those innovations will work together in order to make NYC more sustainable, resilient and equitable. ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Hydropolitics-in-the-Indian-Subcontinent Thu, 23 Jul 2020 00:51:22 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Hydropolitics-in-the-Indian-Subcontinent <img width="3300" height="2550" width_o="3300" height_o="2550" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/228f932ca0fd4f9de272e36ad2b8a8a1ff40f0cf5252bf61b46f3d9a3932fcb9/kashmor-1.gif" data-mid="78121077" border="0" data-scale="83" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/228f932ca0fd4f9de272e36ad2b8a8a1ff40f0cf5252bf61b46f3d9a3932fcb9/kashmor-1.gif" /> Hydropolitics in the Indian Subcontinent Spring 2020 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Conflict Urbanism Seminar&nbsp; LocationIndus and Kaveri river basin, Indian Subcontinent Regional Scale CriticsLaura Kurgan TeamNiharika Shekhawat, Pratibha Singh This study was conducted as a part of Conflict Urbanism seminar which was presented in the form of a website. The geography of the Indian subcontinent has been a function of mountains, plains and rich monsoons, that cradled and shaped the land, giving birth to a river system that feeds and enriches. Rivers “made the rich, fertile ground that allowed the emergence of agriculture and sedentary living” and “instigated the emergence of cities”. Since the advent of settlements, people have utilized the dynamism of the fluvial landscape - to obtain water, one of the most basic needs for survival, and also to fuel commerce, trade and economic advancements. To the people of the subcontinent, the rivers appear as gods, and their water seen as a boon that provided for their needs. These revered rivers shaped the land and cultures and were in turn transformed by their associations. <img width="900" height="600" width_o="900" height_o="600" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fc75ecb1a6ff78feaf78b7ca95e4b87e7eb4c3b7a648d3f44b9eba590628b5be/Aarti.jpg" data-mid="78111352" border="0" data-scale="63" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/900/i/fc75ecb1a6ff78feaf78b7ca95e4b87e7eb4c3b7a648d3f44b9eba590628b5be/Aarti.jpg" /> Aarti (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). Source: AnimeshHazra The namesake for the Indian subcontinent, Indus, is believed to be one of the rivers that flow from paradise, giving birth to one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Rigveda reveres the indus as a mighty flow as for years settlements revolved around the seasonal changes of the river. The volatile nature of the river banks and the ever changing flow became an enemy to stable settlements. But as time passed and technology advanced, humans found themselves with the desire to control what was more powerful than themselves - hence began the articulation of channelized streams. As Dilip da Cunha puts it, “the river can be worked to make life more comfortable. It can be channeled, dammed, diverted, divided, dispersed, linked and extended to serve a variety of needs and aspirations. It is no doubt why the line of separation, containment and calibration was conceived in the first place”. The river was no longer what appeared as “natural”, it had become the lifeline for millions of people. They were divided by a politically charged line, giving birth to the volatile hydropolitics in the Indian subcontinent, and its varied repercussions at different scales between and within the nations. Case Study: Indus River On Feb 20 2019, India announced the decision to block the flow of water from three tributaries of the Indus river into Pakistan, days after the Pulwama terror attack in which 40 soldiers were killed in Kashmir by a suicide bomber from Pakistan. Source: NDTV Water has become a persistent cause of tension between the two neighbouring countries, that mostly arose due to the allocation of the waters of the Indus river basin. A long standing agreement between Pakistan and its riparian neighbour has outlined the use of the water, which came to be known as the Indus Water Treaty. Since India lies upstream of the Indus river basin, it gains the upper hand in political matters. Water as Control Over the years, the race to utilize this abundant resource has intensified with pressures to meet the demands of the growing population, with both countries building dams and barrages as multiple points of control along the rivers to extract water for irrigation and hydro-power generation. This practice has been a long standing imperial legacy of control and maneuvering of the fluvial resources. Shared river basins require cooperation to maintain peace. But within the Indian subcontinent, these water resources are ill-managed, where built infrastructure is imposed on the natural flow of water for diversion and/or containment. <img width="2700" height="3450" width_o="2700" height_o="3450" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a5ab48b3e6a0040ee0460a9d580bff5fe8c6e04975a8608eda89b580dd473902/_FINAL_Catalog_Dam_GIF.gif" data-mid="78113350" border="0" data-scale="67" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a5ab48b3e6a0040ee0460a9d580bff5fe8c6e04975a8608eda89b580dd473902/_FINAL_Catalog_Dam_GIF.gif" /> Points of Control along the Indus River Basin. Source: NY Times, Science Friday, BBC World, Foreign Policy, Reuters, News18, The News, Dawn, Times of India, Indian Express This territorial colonization of streams upstream permanently altered the water flow, capacity and quality downstream. Following the partition of India and West Pakistan, the “rivers were made the spines of the new nations. Their flows were turned more aggressively to improvement not just for security from flood and drought but to catalyze urbanization, industrialization, modernization, commercialization, and other processes by which the race to catch up with the developed world was envisioned.” Water as Conflict <img width="1024" height="768" width_o="1024" height_o="768" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bf98d37b417ae145d9589ab34d19920d63a2e88b65113924b2a84f352b09368a/pakistan-protest.jpg" data-mid="78111354" border="0" data-scale="50" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bf98d37b417ae145d9589ab34d19920d63a2e88b65113924b2a84f352b09368a/pakistan-protest.jpg" /> Long March in Pakistan Over the Indus River (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). Source: International Rivers The race to capitalize on this abundant natural resource has resulted in self-inflicted disaster, which has led to unequitable scarcity of water in many areas, and increased instances of flooding and riverbank erosion in others, impacting the daily lives of millions of people and therefore laying the seeds to conflict. This has consequently resulted in political interventions to manage resource allocation and control over the river. Usually these water bodies help form natural boundaries, and in several cases their access is shared by adjacent entities. The predicament with transboundary water bodies is that the upstream regions can at any moment reduce, stop or pollute the flow of water to the downstream regions. This transforms water reserves into a competitive resource giving way to what is known as “Water Wars’’. War for Water, the next World War? <img width="1625" height="800" width_o="1625" height_o="800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dc5b448bc7af0e00fc57f184144efffc0433836b85c6620dae215b6b05d4d828/1.jpg" data-mid="78120440" border="0" data-scale="55" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dc5b448bc7af0e00fc57f184144efffc0433836b85c6620dae215b6b05d4d828/1.jpg" /> Source: The Geography of future water challenges, PBL netherlands environmental assessment agency Water Insecurity For Pakistan, with its semi-arid climate and erratic rainfall patterns that get increasingly unpredictable every year due to effects of climate change, the availability of water resources is crucial for sustenance. The country is ravaged by frequent droughts, resulting in consequent shortage of drinking water supply for major cities. The Indus river basin forms the only major source of water for most of the country, and hence the need to channel and divert the water, which has been the motivation for construction of dams and barrages along the basin. Today, Pakistan has 3 large dams, 85 small dams, 19 barrages, 12 inter link canals, 45 canals and 0.7 million tube wells to meet its commercial, domestic and irrigation needs. It is these points of control however, that have directly impacted the river causing sedimentation and changes in flow dynamics, which has further resulted in additional problems such as extensive flooding. <img width="800" height="531" width_o="800" height_o="531" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dfa88c387dcc6b489aed5d530104bbb1ff664a0f73868495da837b775e7e9d51/Indus-flood.jpg" data-mid="78111353" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/800/i/dfa88c387dcc6b489aed5d530104bbb1ff664a0f73868495da837b775e7e9d51/Indus-flood.jpg" /> People flee from the floods, Sindh, Pakistan (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0). Source: Oxfam International . The 2010 monsoon floods affected approximately one-fifth of Pakistan’s total land area. The floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of close to 2,000. Source: Democracy Now! Orchestrating Water The dependence on the Indus for irrigation dates back to the early civilizations of Mohenjodaro and Harappa. The systems that supply water to the fields were transformed by modern engineering work in the 1850s and further expanded and upgraded under the British occupation of India, into the largest and most complex canal irrigation system in the world. The attribution for most of this comprehensive infrastructure is given to Sir Arthur Cotton, who believed that in order to properly utilize the fluvial resource, it was important “to establish canals for irrigation wherever they were practicable, and to supersede rain and well-water by river water, which carried with it fertilizing matter greatly augmenting its value as compared with all other water.” Pakistan is an agrarian economy, with over 90% of harvests within the country depending on this extensive canal network, which spans over an area of 36 million acres. Most of the cultivable land hence directly corresponds to the reach of this system. According to Pakistan Economic Survey data, the agriculture sector of the country employs 42% of the entire labour force of the nation, which evidently illustrates the importance of the water from the Indus for the country. <img width="4171" height="3128" width_o="4171" height_o="3128" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b06f0d15f74fbfb894a602c542a8fe2505568ecaa954ceecbe04eb387e6712f3/canals_2.jpg" data-mid="78120728" border="0" data-scale="75" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b06f0d15f74fbfb894a602c542a8fe2505568ecaa954ceecbe04eb387e6712f3/canals_2.jpg" /> Irrigation canal network in Pakistan Seasonal Changes along the river The Indus river system, with its complex braiding channel that is ever in flux, forms a dynamic landscape ecology, that changes drastically over seasons, months and years. On closer inspection while trying to analyse the seasonal changes along the river, we focus on two areas - Kashmor and Firozpur. Kashmor lies closer to the river and therefore is prone to monsoon flooding. Firozpur lies closer to the India-Pakistan border and since India is dependent on rain and river water for irrigation, while Pakistan relies on stored and channelized river water, agricultural patterns differ across the border. <img width="3300" height="2550" width_o="3300" height_o="2550" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/228f932ca0fd4f9de272e36ad2b8a8a1ff40f0cf5252bf61b46f3d9a3932fcb9/kashmor-1.gif" data-mid="78121077" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/228f932ca0fd4f9de272e36ad2b8a8a1ff40f0cf5252bf61b46f3d9a3932fcb9/kashmor-1.gif" /> <img width="3300" height="2550" width_o="3300" height_o="2550" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4682ae76c9bcbca4d0fba56dfbf7faea5859c3ec0a95bb2bdc1c34c3854a76d6/firozabad-1.gif" data-mid="78121404" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4682ae76c9bcbca4d0fba56dfbf7faea5859c3ec0a95bb2bdc1c34c3854a76d6/firozabad-1.gif" /> Kashmor and Firozpur landsat imagery showing seasonal variation Analysing Landsat imagery to show false colour composites for Kashmor, the agriculture pattern during the Monsoon and Winter seasons is shown in red, The river, its depth and flow pattern are visible in a contrasting blue <img width="2700" height="1800" width_o="2700" height_o="1800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c07688a764a54e6d10201fa291dcdca477a545d06b9d12ff9d9cbb843077a66e/Final-Kashmor-landsat-compiled.jpg" data-mid="78121732" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c07688a764a54e6d10201fa291dcdca477a545d06b9d12ff9d9cbb843077a66e/Final-Kashmor-landsat-compiled.jpg" /> Kashmor false colour landsat imagery showing seasonal variation over a decade Landsat image classification by supervised classification using spectral signatures from a training sample to represent water flow and agriculture pattern by pixels. It is visible how the monsoon season has affected water flow differently in the year 1998 and 2010 <img width="1350" height="900" width_o="1350" height_o="900" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4e1d405561d175c277db8350987a488197105c86ad8f0d2f71c88f09270f118c/Final_Raster-test-sample_1998-monsoon.jpg" data-mid="78121734" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4e1d405561d175c277db8350987a488197105c86ad8f0d2f71c88f09270f118c/Final_Raster-test-sample_1998-monsoon.jpg" /> <img width="1350" height="900" width_o="1350" height_o="900" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0401ca05f8d2db7c8c4f14b430b6fc242258e7639e3e7f186121af6d192ca3c0/Final_Raster-test-sample_2010-monsoon.jpg" data-mid="78121747" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0401ca05f8d2db7c8c4f14b430b6fc242258e7639e3e7f186121af6d192ca3c0/Final_Raster-test-sample_2010-monsoon.jpg" /> Kashmor image classification showing flow and agriculture variation during monsoon over a decade During the winter season the direction of river flow has changed due to channeling over the years. The agriculture pattern has shifted based on this change of flow of the river. <img width="1350" height="900" width_o="1350" height_o="900" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8851841ba3ee68df5b4013d4192f553d7d39c35b8ae61b7852c3a20b07f8b7c9/Final_Raster-test-sample_1998-winter.jpg" data-mid="78121741" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8851841ba3ee68df5b4013d4192f553d7d39c35b8ae61b7852c3a20b07f8b7c9/Final_Raster-test-sample_1998-winter.jpg" /> <img width="1350" height="900" width_o="1350" height_o="900" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e75cef089786dc5ed290186b785c8dfa2f17420dfc0581bd2c82923f784d8a75/Final_Raster-test-sample_2010-winter.jpg" data-mid="78121750" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e75cef089786dc5ed290186b785c8dfa2f17420dfc0581bd2c82923f784d8a75/Final_Raster-test-sample_2010-winter.jpg" /> Kashmor image classification showing flow and agriculture variation during winter over a decade Reclassifying the landsat to perform raster calculation to show how water has changed during monsoon and winter over the years. For monsoon, 70% of the water area converted to land over the decade, while only 1.6% of land converted to water during the same time showing how erratic monsoon flooding changes the water cover area. For winter, around 2.5% of land changed to water and vice versa, indicating that even though net water hasn’t changed, the direction and location of the river has changed which affects agriculture patterns around it. <img width="1350" height="488" width_o="1350" height_o="488" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8a6de5ffcd10bf95cd3060cd4085d1294463fee40b3be3c33010523aecdff73c/Final_Raster-change-overtime.jpg" data-mid="78121733" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8a6de5ffcd10bf95cd3060cd4085d1294463fee40b3be3c33010523aecdff73c/Final_Raster-change-overtime.jpg" /> Kashmor image classification showing change in flow in Monsoon and winter over a decade Landsat imagery showing false colour for our second focus area, Firozpur, shows agriculture patterns in red and river flow in blue. The pattern contrasts over the seasons showing difference in dependance on rain or river water for agriculture across the border. <img width="2700" height="1800" width_o="2700" height_o="1800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2bcc917edac227d829e8a53e7667ab8978bf977d77d3d48c9702cd422ac09b8d/borderlandsat.jpg" data-mid="78121731" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2bcc917edac227d829e8a53e7667ab8978bf977d77d3d48c9702cd422ac09b8d/borderlandsat.jpg" /> Firozpur false colour landsat imagery showing seasonal variation Case Study: Kaveri Kaveri is the third largest river in India, flowing from the state of Karnataka into Tamil Nadu, with the watershed of its seven tributaries extending up to Kerala and Puducherry. The river has numerous sacred associations, in mythology and folklore, that make it a revered entity for the people of South India. It is the source of drinking water supply for major cities in Karnataka, and supports intensive agricultural activity in South India, being one of the most important sources for irrigation of paddy fields in Tamil Nadu. This has resulted in a long-standing dispute between the two states over sharing of the water resource. The Kaveri Water Tribunal was formed to address water shortages in the four states that were facing increased water demands. Source: NDTV The Kaveri has been subject to a tradition of diversion and extraction of water for the purpose of irrigation and drinking water consumption, that has carried on since the Grand Anicut dam was built over the flowing water by the Chola dynasty in 100 BC. This practice was intensified during the British rule in India, and came to sustain the needs of the people in South India. Concrete solutions are yet to be reached over access to this resource, while farmers in Tamil Nadu face droughts and are compelled to commit suicide, and large cities such as Bangalore run dry, as climate change strains the remnants of the once abundant stream. Rights of the River “The fluvial frontier is a complex and nuanced territorial condition braiding together multiple elements including conservation, transboundary river management, the geopolitics of resource logistics…” Rivers have historically been at the center of conflict and instability, and allowing for tools that advocate for equitable access to this valuable resource in practice and policy would be a detrimental first step. In the last few years, rivers have undergone drastic changes with respect to their water quality, volume and flow, catalyzed by climate change, that has consequently left detrimental impacts on riparian ecologies, freshwater systems and expanding human settlements. The situation calls for effective management and allocation of water, and requires flexible frameworks for protection of these water bodies, especially in light increased incidences of flooding and water scarcity. The relationship between the river and mankind has always been one of reciprocity. The river provides us with water, food and life. Constant attempts to extract more, have left them in a state of disarray. Many environmental movements have advocated for the rights of the rivers, to ensure protection of the inherent right of ecosystems in order to restore their health. Imposition of man-made infrastructures and policies on natural resources such as the rivers continues to affect the landscape and ecologies that survive along the riparian system. The river needs to be celebrated instead of being weaponized for control and conflict. References 1.Chaudhry, Nadeem. “The 2010 Floods – A case study.”2.Cunha, Dilip da. The Invention of Rivers: Alexander’s Eye and Ganga’s Descent. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.3.Duncan, Ifor, and Stefanos Levidis. “Weaponizing a River.” e-flux architecture, April 11, 2020. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/at-the-border/325751/weaponizing-a-river/4.Gettleman, Jeffrey. “India Threatens a New Weapon Against Pakistan: Water.” New York Times, February 21, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/world/asia/india-pakistan-water-kashmir.html5.Iqbal, Jaffar. “Irrigation System and issues in Pakistan.” Technology Times, January 9, 2019. https://www.technologytimes.pk/2019/01/09/irrigation-system-issues/6.Johnson, Keith. “Are India and Pakistan on the Verge of a Water War?” Foreign Policy, February 25, 2019. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/25/are-india-and-pakistan-on-the-verge-of-a-water-war-pulwama-kasmir-ravi-indus/7.Khadka, Navin Singh. “Are India and Pakistan set for water wars?” British Broadcasting Corporation, December 22, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-375218978.“Kishanganga dam issue: World Bank asks Pakistan to accept India’s demand of ‘neutral expert’.” Times of India, June 5, 2018. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kishanganga-dam-world-bank-asks-pakistan-to-accept-indias-demand-of-neutral-expert/articleshow/64466122.cms9.Mustafa, Waqar. “As rains grow erratic, Pakistan taps irrigation to protect Punjab crops.” Reuters, November 25, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-farming-irrigation/as-rains-grow-erratic-pakistan-taps-irrigation-to-protect-punjab-crops-idUSKBN1DO2OD10.Nadeem, Mehr, and Sayeed, Saad. “Pakistan accuses India of using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute.” Reuters, August 19, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pakistan-water/pakistan-accuses-india-of-using-water-as-a-weapon-in-kashmir-dispute-idUSL4N25F2I811.Nesbit, Jeff. This Is The Way The World Ends. Thomas Dunne Books, 2018.12.Singapore Red Cross. “Pakistan Floods:The Deluge of Disaster - Facts &amp; Figures.” ReliefWeb, September 15, 2010. https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/pakistan-floodsthe-deluge-disaster-facts-figures-15-september-201013.Singh, Harjeet. “Water Availability in Pakistan.” Indian Defence Review Vol. 25.4 (October-December 2010)14.Zaafir, Muhammad Saleh. “Violating IWT India starts Ratle Dam’s construction.” The News, December 15, 2019. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/583790-violating-iwt-india-starts-ratle-dam-s-construction ︎ https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Energy-use-changes-in-NYC Thu, 23 Jul 2020 17:33:32 +0000 Niharika N Shekhawat https://niharikanshekhawat.com/Energy-use-changes-in-NYC <img width="1750" height="800" width_o="1750" height_o="800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a96758aa17bcfde05ab4781502b1578dd6f8619c3429c1fc463511d657692353/2.jpg" data-mid="78184809" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a96758aa17bcfde05ab4781502b1578dd6f8619c3429c1fc463511d657692353/2.jpg" /> Energy use changes in NYC Spring 2020 Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Exploring Urban Data with Machine Learning Seminar LocationNew York City, NY City Scale CriticsBoyeong Ho TeamNiharika Shekhawat, Kate Galbo, Savannah Wu An Analysis of Built &amp; Social Factors that Influence Energy use from 2012-2017 Using LL84 Energy Disclosure Data. Buildings in New York City continue to be the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), accounting for 66% of total citywide emissions followed by transportation (30 percent) and waste (4 percent). Local Law 97 was passed in May of 2019, which requires 40% reduction of emissions by 2030, from a 2005 baseline, for buildings greater than 25,000 sq feet. Local Law 84 requires buildings to submit energy and water benchmarking data. It looks at private buildings above 25,000 sqft and public sector buildings above 10,000 sqft. Our research question: What social and built variables impact energy efficiency performance of residential buildings? &nbsp; <img width="960" height="540" width_o="960" height_o="540" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a019c37d3f94a4bdb3b8e6eabc8925073887c92683df23af87ca0c93ebda0e2f/Artboard-1-100.jpg" data-mid="78180566" border="0" data-scale="60" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/960/i/a019c37d3f94a4bdb3b8e6eabc8925073887c92683df23af87ca0c93ebda0e2f/Artboard-1-100.jpg" /> Buildings larger than 25,000 sqft required to report their energy usage <img width="1750" height="1250" width_o="1750" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7315d8d5709cc9c7a52214137b9a3448b834f62bd1306d007809bd1faab335ff/3.jpg" data-mid="78184810" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7315d8d5709cc9c7a52214137b9a3448b834f62bd1306d007809bd1faab335ff/3.jpg" />Social indicators taken into account and maps for exploratory analysis. Data Sources are Local Law 84 energy disclosure data, PLUTO data, American Community survey data and NYC building footprint. Project scope and methodology, can be broken down into two parts: data cleaning and exploration and machine learning modeling. <img width="1750" height="1050" width_o="1750" height_o="1050" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/276f755dd38296fee70bf3da5b54a65c2491196906c67ea18bb98fdf16cda4b2/4.jpg" data-mid="78184811" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/276f755dd38296fee70bf3da5b54a65c2491196906c67ea18bb98fdf16cda4b2/4.jpg" /> Methodology flow diagram. Our project scope, is broken down into two parts: Data cleaning and exploration bas AND conducting machine learning modeling The results of clustering, measured the change in EUI and GHG emissions intensity from 2012 to 2017, and ran K-Means and hierarchical (agglomerative) clustering algorithms to look for similar buildings. The tests yielded the same results, with four (4) optimal clusters. Looking further at the agglomerative clustering results and the distribution of EUI and GHG emissions intensity change for each group, we found that cluster 1 included buildings with high decreasing values. Cluster 2 had values with high increasing values. <img width="1750" height="800" width_o="1750" height_o="800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/48a03fcec76544411422d98a9a4092a9a56e592185692d4892286160d708e964/1.jpg" data-mid="78184808" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/48a03fcec76544411422d98a9a4092a9a56e592185692d4892286160d708e964/1.jpg" /> Left: Change in Building GHG Emissions from 2012-17 Right: Change in Building GHG Emissions from 2012-17. Sample size: 3,243 buildings. The maximum decrease in GHG emissions was 85% and the maximum increase is 340%. As for EUI change the maximum decrease is 76% and the maximum increase is 260%. To understand the building EUI and GHG emissions intensity reduction pathways residential buildings should be set on, we reviewed past studies and reduction targets. According to the Urban Green Council, buildings that regularly benchmarked their energy use have decreased their energy usage by nearly 10 percent and their total emissions by almost 14 percent between 2010 and 2015. New York State’s Build Smart NY Program was established by Executive Order 88, and mandates a reduction in energy consumption by 20% in government owned and operated buildings by 2020 (from the baseline year of 2010/2011). Site utility data has been collected for all government buildings larger than 20,000 square feet and this has been converted to Source EUI, which is the performance metric used to achieve the 20% reduction targets. <img width="1750" height="825" width_o="1750" height_o="825" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ef3887045d40169c0201aa70e58227499bfcfe8bfaa05a0287c9486e6472682b/6.jpg" data-mid="78184813" border="0" data-scale="56" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ef3887045d40169c0201aa70e58227499bfcfe8bfaa05a0287c9486e6472682b/6.jpg" /><img width="1750" height="825" width_o="1750" height_o="825" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/855ba21631a88e72836bbdfa42560e1c23e8119b8fe57e31c3c2516c01a2bf11/5.jpg" data-mid="78184812" border="0" data-scale="56" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/855ba21631a88e72836bbdfa42560e1c23e8119b8fe57e31c3c2516c01a2bf11/5.jpg" /> On the top Time Series Clustering (GHG) shows that for greenhouse gas intensity, the purple line shows the most decrease, followed by the orange line, while the pink line shows a slight increase; bottom has Time Series Clustering (EUI) shows a decrease for the purple line. The orange line shows an initial increase but then decreases, while the pink line shows a slight increase. The conclusion of the analysis shows that, generally, social and built environment factors do not have a strong effect on GHG emissions intensity and EUI change between 2012 and 2017 for LL84 compliant residential buildings. While the radar plots from the time series clustering analysis show inconclusive results, the results from our decision tree and random forest models show that year built is definitely an important feature for EUI and GHG emissions intensity change. Social factors, namely race and education, were also notably important features. <img width="1750" height="800" width_o="1750" height_o="800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a96758aa17bcfde05ab4781502b1578dd6f8619c3429c1fc463511d657692353/2.jpg" data-mid="78184809" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a96758aa17bcfde05ab4781502b1578dd6f8619c3429c1fc463511d657692353/2.jpg" /> Left: K-Means Clustering. Right: Hierarchial Clustering. The change in EUI and greenhouse gas intensity from 2012 to 2017 and ran two types of clustering to look for similar buildings. KMeans and Agglomerative yielded the same results, with 4 optimal clusters and identical results ︎